Detailed Project Report on Bleaching Powder

BLEACHING POWDER

[EIRI/EDPR/0688] (J.C.:9296)

INTRODUCTION

Bleaching process are those which remove colour from natural or artificial products. In early times bleaching was done by mechanical means and bleached goods were available only to rich. Today the bleaching to textile, paper and other materials constructed from natural fibres is done largely by the chemical agents and bleached articles are available to all.

Although most bleaching is attached by oxidizing agents on important class of agents bleaches by reduction action.

True bleached should be distinguished from optional bleached whose effects is a whitening by the addition of agents that convert a portion of invisible ultraviolet radiation into blue or blued green light. This changes the shade of articles that have light yellow or brown tone to neutral gray. In the last decade optical bleaches have become quite popular in the textile fields.

Bleaching was not generally practiced during the Dark Ages, although knowledge of the art persited. Following the renaissance there was a strong demand for the bleached cloth which until this time was luxury item and seldom work by the masses. By 1700 the bleaching of cloth had become a major industry however land requirements for the so called bleaching operations imposed a severe strain on the economy of the more progressive countries as the land was needed to provide food for the expanding population. Until the 1700's bleaching method has not changed much from Roman times. In 1750 Home Published theory showing that a dilute solution of sulfuric and was as effective and more convenient to work with. Textile bleaching with chlorine was developed by Bathlot in 1786. Tenant passed chlorine into milk of lime to prepare bleach liquor. By 1799 Tenant developed bleaching powder by passing dilute moist chlorine gas over slaked lime.

Prior to the development of chlorinated bleaches, the process of bleaching textiles was a long and laborious one which required several months at a minimum and did not produce the high degree of whiteness to which we are accustomed today. Goods were spread on grass fields and bleached by the sun, a process known as "crofting". A large expense in land rent and maintenance of the bleached in this manner. In the early and middle eighteenth century, attempts were made to improve the bleaching process by steeping the goods in an alkali (bowking) prior to crofting. The practice of souring was also introduced in this period. Initially, it consisted of steeping the partially bleached goods in sour milk or buttermilk for a week and then rinsing before final crofting. About 1750, Home published his discovery that a dilute sulfuric acid sour gave better results with less than 24 hours steeping time. Even with these improvements, bleaching of linen goods required at least three months.

Late in the eighteenth century, a combination of enormous land rental increases and improvements in spinning and weaving brought about a pressing need for improved bleaching processes. Following the discovery of chlorine, the development of bleaching with chlorine completely revolutionized the textile industry.

Tennant, in 1798, patented successful liquid bleach (called bleach liquor today) by passing chlorine through milk of lime. Since textile bleachers had been accustomed to boiling goods in lime water and solutions of soda ash or caustic soda, Lancashire bleachers successfully contested the patent. Tennant continued his experimentation and devloped the method of passing chlorine over slaked lime to produce Tennant's Bleach, which soon became known as bleaching powder. This process was patented in 1799.

COST ESTIMATION

Plant Capacity            45 MT/Day

Land & Building (5000 sq.mt.)    Rs. 2.48 Cr

Plant & Machinery                    Rs. 1.21 Cr

Working Capital for 3 Months    Rs. 2.84 Cr

Total Capital Investment          Rs. 7.08 Cr

Rate of Return                          49%

Break Even Point                      47%

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PROPERTIES

USE OF BLEACHING POWDER IN BLEACHING

B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS

MARKET SURVEY

MANUFACTURERS AND EXPORTERS OF BLEACHING POWDER

STABLE BLEACHING POWDER

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

RECENTLY DEVELOPED BLEACHING POWDER MANUFACTURING PROCESS

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

PLANT LAYOUT

PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT

PLANT LOCATION FACTORS

EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT

SUPPLIERS OF BLEACHING POWDER MACHINERY

TECHNICAL CONSULTANTS FOR SETTING UP BLEACHING POWDER PLANT

SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY

SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS

02. LAND & BUILDING

03. PLANT AND MACHINERY

04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS

05. FIXED CAPITAL

06. RAW MATERIAL

07. SALARY AND WAGES

08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS

09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL

10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT

11. COST OF PRODUCTION

12. TURN OVER/ANNUM

13. BREAK EVEN POINT

14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE

15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS

16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS

17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS

18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)