Activated Carbon like Activated Carbon from Rice Husk, Straw, Cashew nut Shell, Coir Pitch, Wood Charcoal, Powdered Activated Carbon, Impregnated carbon, Polymers coated, Granula with Project Profiles (Fundamentals, Applications, Chemistry and Synthesis)
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Activated Carbon like Activated Carbon from Rice Husk, Straw, Cashew nut Shell, Coir Pitch, Wood Charcoal, Powdered Activated Carbon, Activated Fuller Earth, Pelleted Activated Carbon (EAC), Impregnated carbon, Polymers coated, Granula with Project Profiles (Fundamentals, Applications, Chemistry and Synthesis)
This book contains chapter on Biomass-based Activated Carbon, Characterization of Activated Carbon, Environmental Applications of Activated Carbons: Synthesis and Applications in Adsorption of Organic Contaminants, Categorization of Activated Carbon, Properties of Activated Carbon, Biochemical Properties of Activated Carbon, Modification of the Properties and Reactivity of Activated Carbon, Medical Applications of AC, Analytical Applications, Agricultural Applications of Activated Carbon, Fuel Storage Applications of Activated Carbon, Industrial Applications of Activated Carbon, Advanced Applications of Activated Carbon: Catalysis and Engineering, Alcoholic Beverage Purification Applications of Activated Carbon, Food Industry Applications of Activated Carbon, SEM and TEM Images of Structures in Activated Carbons, Influence of Activated Carbon on Metallic Corrosion, Mercury Adsorption from Aqueous Solution using Activated Carbons, The Preparation and Application of Activated Carbon for Gas Adsorption, Dielectric Properties of Zinc Chloride-Castor Residue Mixtures at Microwave Frequencies, Activated Carbons from Waste Tyre Pyrolysis: Application, Biochemical Aspects of Activated Carbon, Laboratory Pocedures , Adsorption of Gases and Vapors Laboratory Procedures , Laboratory Adsorption Test Procedure for Carbon Adsorption Systems, Industrial Applications of Activated Carbon, Activated Carbon from Wood Waste/Chips, Activated Carbon (Granular and Powder) from Coconut Shell, Plant Economics of Activated Carbon & Sodium Silicate from Paddy Husk and Caustic Soda, Plant Economics of Activated Carbon (Granular & Powder) from Coconut Shell, Plant Economics of Activated Carbon from Wood Waste/Chips, Plant Economics of Palm Shell Charcoal/Activated Carbon.
Chapter 1
Biomass-based Activated Carbon
Introduction
Biomass Pyrolysis and Char Activation
Feedstock for Pyrolysis
Types of Pyrolysis
Biomass Properties
Heat Value
Moisture Content
Composition
Fuel Size and Density
Lab-Scale Pyrolysis
Lab-scale Activation
Pore Size Distribution
Generation of Granular Activated Carbon
Rotary Kiln Reactor for Char Activation
Activated Carbon Rotary Kiln Working Process
Activated Carbon Rotary Kiln Advantages
Composition of Biological Activated Carbon Process
Application of biological activated carbon process in water treatment
Textile wastewater
Petroleum wastewater
Humus in raw water
Dyeing wastewater
Domestic wastewater
Basic Principles of Biological Activated Carbon Technology
Basic operational parameters of BAC process
Application fields and the typical process flow of biological activated carbon technology
O3-BAC process and the evaluation of ozonation
Mechanism and characteristics of O3-BAC process
Effect of ozonation on molecule weight distribution and the molecule structure of organic matters
Improvement of biochemical properties of organics by ozonation
Improvement of ozonation on biodegradability of organic matters
Chapter 2
Characterization of Activated Carbon
Physical and Physico-Chemical Properties
Structural Properties
Volumetric Characterization
Characterization of Activated Carbons
Determination of the pH of Zero-Point Charge
Determination of Surface Functional Groups
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Chapter 3
Environmental Applications of Activated Carbons: Synthesis and Applications in Adsorption of Organic Contaminants
Introduction
Production and Product Forms
Water Treatment
Design concept for the activated carbon water filter
Water Treatment With Activated Carbon Filter:
Waste Water Treatment With Activated Carbon Filter
Benefits of Activated Carbon Filters in Water Treatment
Organic Pollutants Removal from water
Properties of the Organic Matter
Experimental diagram
Air and Gas Pollutants Control
Activated Carbon Used in Air and Gas Purification
Odor Removal
VOC Capture
Gas Filtration
Air and Gas Treatment
Soil Pollution Treatment
Introduction
The Importance of Activated Carbon in Soil Remediation
The Application of Activated Carbon in Soil Remediation
Soil Remediation
Soil Improvement
Activated Carbon Selection
Chapter 4
Categorization of Activated Carbon
Powdered AC (PAC)
Granular AC (GAC)
Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC)
Impregnated Activated Carbon (IAC)
Polymers Coated Activated Carbon (PCAC)
Activated Carbon Cloth (ACC)
Biochar Activated Charcoal (BAC)
Chapter 5
Properties of Activated Carbon
Iodine Number
Molasses Number
Apparent Density
Hardness/Abrasion Number
Ash Content
Carbon Tetrachloride Activity
Particle Size Distribution
Chapter 6
Biochemical Properties of Activated Carbon
Biological Regeneration Method
Benefits of Biological Activity
Major BAC Process Variables
Selection of GAC for Biological Treatment
Biological Support Properties
Adsorption Properties
Physical Properties
Service Life
Chapter 7
Modification of the Properties and Reactivity of Activated Carbon
Regeneration of AC
Thermal Regeneration Method
Wet Oxidation Regeneration Method
Solvent Regeneration Method
Electrochemical Regeneration Method
Catalytic Wet Oxidation Method
Applications of AC
Industrial Applications
Medications
Analytical Chemistry
Water Purification
Chapter 8
Medical Applications of AC
Introduction
Beginnings of AC in Medicine
Route of Administration
Medical Grade AC
Haemocompatibility of AC
Palatability of Oral AC
Wound Healing Using AC
Intoxication Treatment Using AC
AC as an Antidote
Chapter 9
Analytical Applications
Heavy metals Sources
Removal of heavy metals
Precipitation Flocculation, Flotation and Chelation Reactions
Ion Exchange Columns
Process Steps
Adsorbent Surface Options
SAP and CuCl2 Solutions
Wastewater treatment and heavy metal removal
Coagulation
Coagulation and Plocculation Process
Coagulants and its types
Mechanism of Coagulation
Materials and Method
Heavy Metals Removal from Wastewater
How Do we Remove Heavy Metals?
Precipitation
Hydroxide precipitation
Advantages of hydroxide precipitation
Sulfide Precipitation
Advantages and Disadvantages
What about Chelant
Hexavalent Chrome Treatment
Treatment equipment options
RO Treatment Equipment
Heavy Metal Removal with Adsorption
Advantages of adsorbent
Commonly use of adsorbent
what do we need to consider?
What are the priorities for the customer?
Problem Statement
What does solution do?
Procedures of heavy metal removal
Result of heavy metal removal by Rice Husk or fly ash
What is Chromium VI and How it is removed from water?
Lead in drinking water
What can we do?
Wastewater treatment from phosphorus with electromagnetic nano-mill
Nitrogen Removal in Municipal Wastewater
Nitrogen Removal from drinking water
Biological nitrogen removal technology
Nitrogen Removal using activated sludge treatment
Copper Removal Using Ion Exchange Resin
Effective ion exchange resin on copper containing wastewater
Iron and Manganese Treatment
Removal of Antibiotics
Adsorption
Biological Processes
Anaerobic treatment of antibiotic wastewater
Biofilm technology
Membrane Technology
Gas Adsorption/Storage
Physical phenomena
Powdered activated carbon
Granular activated carbon
Mass transfer zone
Maximizing performance
Spent activated carbon
Chapter 10
Agricultural Applications of Activated Carbon
Increases Soil’s Nutrient Holding Capacity
Increases Water Holding Capacity
Provides Adsorption of Harmful Substances
Balancing Soil pH
Supports Biological Activity
Benefits of organic liquid fertiliser with activated carbon
Organic liquid fertiliser
Activated carbon from agricultural waste
Selection of raw material depends on seven important criteria
Factors influence activated carbon characteristics
Effect of Activating Agent
Chapter 11
Fuel Storage Applications of Activated Carbon
Methane Storage on Activated Carbon
Introduction
Technology Description
Butane Storage on Activated Carbon
Spills and Disposal
Chapter 12
Industrial Applications of Activated Carbon
Water treatment
Wastewater treatment
Air Purification
Organic compound removal
Managing PFAS
Applications
Specifications of activated carbon in pellets
Manufacturing Process of Coal-Based Activated Carbon
Carbonization of activated carbon
Activation of activated carbon
Post-Treatment of activated carbon
Applications of activated carbon
Chapter 13
Advanced Applications of Activated Carbon: Catalysis and Engineering
Applications of Activated Carbon
Air and Gas
Mining
Food and Beverages
Water Treatment
Types of Activated Carbon
Granulated Activated Carbon
Pelletized Activated Carbon
Powdered Activated Carbon
Impregnated Activated Carbon
Catalytic Activated Carbon
Various other applications of activated carbon
The decaffeination of coffee
Sugar (refined sugar, honey, candies, etc.) discoloration
The discoloration of alcohol, juice, and vinegar
Industrial procedures that treat water
Wastewater treatment
Air and industrial gas purification
Cartridge respirators
Removing odours from closed spaces like kitchens, storage facilities, refrigerators etc.
Cleansing compressed air
Medical care for severe poisonings
Activated charcoal dressings infused with silver are used to treat ulcers, burns, and wounds
Recovery of valuable metals such as gold, silver and others
Energy Storage
Activated Carbons in Energy Storage
Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Storage
Graphene for Energy Storage
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture
Carbon Nanotubes for CO2 Capture
AC Modification
Physical modification method
Gas modification method
Microwave modification method
Chemical modification method
Oxidation modification method
Reductive modification method
Acid-base modified method
Recommendations for Future Directions
Chapter 14
Alcoholic Beverage Purification Applications of Activated Carbon
Modified activated carbons BAU-A for alcoholic beverage production
Modified active carbons with metal ions
Wine & Vermouth
Beer & Malternatives
Vodka, whisky & Rum
Purification of Carbon Di Oxide
Importance of activated carbon in the beverage industry
Definition and Characteristics of Activated Carbon
Key characteristics of activated carbon
Types of Activated Carbon Used in the Beverage Industry
Role of Activated Carbon in Beverage Production
Filtration and Purification
Removal of Contaminants and Impurities
Enhancing Taste and Quality
Types of Beverages that Benefit from Activated Carbon
Carbonated Soft Drinks
Alcoholic Beverages
Non-Alcoholic Beverages (e.g., Fruit Juices)
Improved Flavor and Odor
Consistency in Quality
Compliance with Regulatory Standards
Chapter 15
Food Industry Applications of Activated Carbon
Applications of our Activated Carbon Products in the Food Industry
How does it work?
Uses for AC
Fabrication of AC
Carbonization/Pyrolysis
Production of pyrolysis chars
Production of activated carbons by chemical activation
Gases produced during chemical activation
Microwave-assisted Activation
MCAC’s Preparation
Characterization
Experiment method
Design of experiments
Microscopic structure analysis
Activated Carbon in Edible Oil Purification
How Activated Carbon Helps in Filtration
Removing Pesticides and Contaminants:
The Versatility of Activated Carbon
Ensuring Quality and Safety
Activated Carbon in Oil Refining Application
Activated carbon for decolorization
Sugar and Sweetener Industry
Sugar Decolorization Methods
Activated Carbon Decolorization Method
Ion Exchange Resin Method
The application of activated carbon in the decolorization of sweetener
Selection of activated carbon
Activated carbon for decolorization of sweeteners
Microwave-assisted Activation
Microwave pyrolysis
Char production from biomass by microwave pyrolysis
Production of activated carbon by microwaves
Alcoholic Beverage Industry
Applications
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Distilled Liquors
Fruit Juices and Concentrates
Odor Control
Water
Wine
What types of activated carbon work best for spirit filtration?
Coconut granular activated carbon and molecular sieve
Granular activated carbon for liquor
Powder activated carbon for liquor
How does activated carbon affect spirit taste?
Removal bitterness
Remove sediment from low-alcohol liquor
Chapter 16
SEM and TEM Images of Structures in Activated Carbons
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Physicochemical characterization
Surface characterization
Sorption experiments
Surface analysis
Transmission electron microscopy
The Development of Transmission Electron Microscopy
Chapter 17
Influence of Activated Carbon on Metallic Corrosion
Corrosion and Corrosion Mitigation
Gravimetric analysis
Method
Experimental Procedure
Corrosion Rate
Activated Carbon Synthesis and Biogas Filtration
Activated Carbon Synthesis
Carbonization
Biogas Filtration
Activated Carbon: Fundamentals, Properties and Applications
Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC)
Additional Types
Fundamentals
Properties of Activated Carbon
Pore Structure
Hardness/Abrasion
Adsorptive Properties
Apparent Density
Moisture
Ash Content
pH Value
Particle Size
Activated Carbon Production
Carbonization
Activation
Activated Carbon Reactivation
Activated Carbon Applications
Water Purification
Air Purification
Metals Recovery
Food & Beverage
Medicinal
Air and Gas
Mining
Food and Beverages
Water Treatment
Activation
Reaction of activation
Gas activation
Feed stocks for AC
Chapter 18
Mercury Adsorption from Aqueous Solution using Activated Carbons
Mercury Adsorption
Chapter 19
The Preparation and Application of Activated Carbon for Gas Adsorption
Introduction
Corrected value in optimal range p/p0
Adsorption Isotherms of N2 at 77 K and CO2 at 273 K
FTIR Spectroscopy
Determination of Immersion Enthalpy
Temperature-Programmed Reduction
Chapter 20
Dielectric Properties of Zinc Chloride-Castor Residue Mixtures at Microwave Frequencies
Introduction
Composition-Dependent of Dielectric Properties
Temperature-Dependent of Dielectric Properties
Dielectric Properties of Char
Temperature-Dependent Dielectric Measurements
Experiments
Samples
Dielectric Properties of Activated Carbon at 2.498 GHz
Broadband Coaxial Probe Measurements
Temperature Dependent Properties of Activated Carbon
Chapter 21
Activated Carbons from Waste Tyre Pyrolysis: Application
Introduction
Preparation of waste tyre carbon materials
Activation of carbon black
Activation of carbon black (CB) using sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide
Characterization of carbon residues
Adsorption of Hg using carbon black residues
Production of Activated Carbon
Carbonization or Pyrolysis
Activation
Applications of Activated Carbon from Waste Tyres
Wastewater Treatment
Energy Storage Devices
Hydrogen Storage
Chapter 22
Biochemical Aspects of AC
Introduction
Benefits of Biological Activity
Major BAC Process Variables
Biological Activity on Filtration Media
Selection of GAC for Biological Treatment
Biological Support Properties
Adsorption Properties
Physical Properties
Application of biological activated carbon process in water treatment
Textile wastewater
Petroleum wastewater
Humus in raw water
Dyeing wastewater
Domestic wastewater
Characteristics of microorganisms and mechanisms of pollutants degradation in BAC filtration
Immobilization of microorganisms on the carriers
Intensification and immobilization of dominant biocommunity
Characteristics of the biocommunity structure and distribution
Characteristics of strain distribution
Characteristics of biomass distribution
Characteristics of biocommunity distribution
Chapter 23
Laboratory Pocedures
Quality Control Laboratory
Mass Spectrometry and Laser Analysis Laboratory
Adsorption Unit
Purpose
Procedure
Fixed Bed Height Determination
Experimental Procedure
Chapter 24
Adsorption of Gases and Vapors Laboratory Procedures
Analyzers
mixSorb S series – breakthrough curve analyzer
Breakthrough curve analysis with mixSorb L
Analytical method
Example
Adsorption & Porosimetry
Description
Adsorption
Biodegradation
Condensation
Oxidation
Scrubbing
Applicability
Chapter 25
Laboratory Adsorption Test Procedure for Carbon Adsorption Systems
Single Bed Carbon Adsorbers
Standard Features
Benefits
How It Works
Activated Medias
Dual bed carbon adsorbers
Standard features
Benefits
Applications
Benefits
Radial Bed Carbon Adsorbers
Standard Features
Applications
Odor Control Systems
Air Pollution Control
Micropore & Mesopore Measurement
Micropore Measurement
Chapter 26
Industrial Applications of AC
Introduction
Water Industry
Food and Beverage Industry
Medical Field and Pharmaceutical Industry
Purification of Gases
Mineral and Metal Recovery
Chapter 27
Activated Carbon from Wood Waste/Chips
Materials
Pyrolysis and Activation Process of Biochar
Pyrolysis Process of Biomass
Chemical Activation of the Biochar
Physical Activation of the Biochar
Characterisation of the Materials
Adsorption Studies
Biomass Carbonization Plant
Raw materials for biomass carbonization
Recovery of biological residues
Biomass carbonization plant
Carbonization furnace
Highlights of carbonization Furnace
Activated carbon regeneration
Activated carbon regeneration process
Carbon regeneration kiln
Technical parameters of rotary kiln design conditions
Carbon Regeneration
Thermal regeneration of activated carbon
Chapter 28
Activated Carbon (Granular and Powder) from Coconut Shell
Application
Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Manufacturing Process
Step 1: Raw Material Preparation
Step 2: Raw Material Carbonization
Step 3: Carbon Activation
Step 4: Washing & Drying
Step 5: Grinding & Screening
Step 6: Packaging
Chapter 29
Plant Economics of Activated Carbon & Sodium Silicate from Paddy Husk and Caustic Soda
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter 30
Plant Economics of Activated Carbon (Granular & Powder) from Coconut Shell
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter 31
Plant Economics of Activated Carbon from Wood Waste/Chips
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter 32
Plant Economics of Palm Shell Charcoal/Activated Carbon
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
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