Detailed Project Report on cement from clinker

CEMENT FROM CLINKER

[CODE NO.4168] 

Cement is a material that binds together solid bodies (aggregate) by hardening from a plastic state. Many materials act as adhesives or cement according to this definition. The cement referred to above, which is used for civil engineering and the construction industry, is portland cement.  Portland cement is hydraulic and develops strength primarily by the hydration of the di- and tri-calcium silicates it contains. Hydraulic means that the paste of cement and water will harden under water.  Lime, on the other hand, will harden due to the reaction with carbon dioxide from the air.

Clinker is a nodular material produced in the kilning stage during the production of cement and is used as the binder in many cement products. The lumps or nodules of clinker are usually of diameter 3-25 mm and dark grey in color. It is produced by heating limestone and clay to the point of liquefaction at about 1400°C-1500°C in the rotary kiln. Clinker, when added with gypsum (to control the setting properties of cement and ensure compressive strength) and ground finely, produces cement. Clinker can be stored for long periods of time in a dry condition without degradation of quality, hence it is traded internationally and used by cement manufacturers when raw materials are found to be scarce or unavailable.

Since the cement industry requires high investment capital, high quality (tenor) and reserves are needed to start the necessary investment in the sector. The chemical properties of the ore beds used in cement production, as well as their chemical properties, closeness to the plant, their removability, fragility, grindability and burnability, low moisture content and homogeneity are the most important factors affecting the production cost. In addition, the use of alternative raw materials can further enhance the existing mine life and mineral quality. 

The realization of high quality targets placed on cement in large quantities with a high potential for substitution and future cement depends on the availability of alternative raw materials or industrial by products. Turkey stone, cement and ceramics industry, depending on the demand for primary and secondary raw materials, is expected to increase until 2030, raw material requirements. The raw materials required for cement production are limestone, clay and iron ore. In addition, some gypsum is added to the cement. All these materials are supplied from mines. Energy and fuel are consumed during production and transportation. Another important issue is the rapid depletion of resources. In addition to cement raw materials for the reduction of natural resources; sludge, gypsum, gypsum waste, bleaching waste, sludge waste, casting sand, iron dust, tufal, gypsum, fly ash, iron slag and excavation soil sludge land etc. materials are used as an alternative to cement raw materials. These alternative raw materials are added to the raw mixture of cement at a certain rate to form the composition of the cement.

Mudstone is a fine-grained, degradable sedimentary rock composed of clay and mud. Shales, also called mudstone or claystone, were formed millions of years ago by the deposition and accumulation of very small clay particles that broke off from an old rock mass that had been eroded by rainwater and rivers. Over time, the deposits on the bottom of the new deposits accumulated on top of the pressure have become a solid rock. The density of the sludge ore in the land is assumed to be 2.0?g / cm3 on average. Since the clay mineralization is in a hard structure, production can be carried out by performing drilling-blasting and size reduction processes in stages during the production activities by using open operation method in quarries.

In the study area, the thickness of the mudstone ore is around 60?m on average. The reserve amount was set at approximately 11.987.760?tonnes considering the field work and the area planned to be studied with ore propagation.

The mudstone consists mostly of shafts (4–62 microns) and clay (4 microns) in size. Claystone is generally very fine-grained and homogeneous, separated from the shaft stone (siltstone). Shales are characterized by the ability to separate the leaves along stratigrafi parallel to the bedding. Many shales are laminal. The mud stones do not show lamination, and when broken, the crust is broken and massive. Marn is a limy mud stone.

The formation consists of red-burgundy micritic limestone and limestone mudstone alternations. Inözü anticline and Kavak County, located in the NW section of the study area, are located on the wings of anticlines and synclines between Sarialan and Belalan villages (figure below). The formation is a typical example of the Kapikaya Summit. The unit is a thin-medium bedded red-burgundy biomicrit and pelagic limy mudstone alternation. Within the limestones, pink-beige colored chert ovules and thin-bedded volcanic intermediate bands are seen. The thickness varies between 53–106?m. The Kapan Throat formation was identified as Santonian-Campanian based on the Globotruncana fauna. The formation was precipitated in a calm and deep sea environment.

Portland cement is the basic ingredient of concrete. Concrete is formed when portland cement creates a paste with water that binds with sand and rock to harden. Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients.

Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. These ingredients, when heated at high temperatures form a rock-like substance that is ground into the fine powder that we commonly think of as cement.

Cement plant laboratories check each step in the manufacture of portland cement by frequent chemical and physical tests. The labs also analyze and test the finished product to ensure that it complies with all industry specifications.

The most common way to manufacture portland cement is through a dry method. The first step is to quarry the principal raw materials, mainly limestone, clay, and other materials. After quarrying the rock is crushed. This involves several stages. The first crushing reduces the rock to a maximum size of about 6?in. The rock then goes to secondary crushers or hammer mills for reduction to about 3?in. or smaller.

The crushed rock is combined with other ingredients such as iron ore or fly ash and ground, mixed, and fed to a cement kiln.

The cement kiln heats all the ingredients to about 2700 degrees Fahrenheit in huge cylindrical steel rotary kilns lined with special irebrick. Kilns are frequently as much as 12 feet in diameter large. The large kilns are mounted with the axis inclined slightly from the horizontal.

The finely ground raw material or the slurry is fed into the higher end. At the lower end is a roaring blast of flame, produced by precisely controlled burning of powdered coal, oil, alternative fuels, or gas under forced draft.

As the material moves through the kiln, certain elements are driven off in the form of gases. The remaining elements unite to form a new substance called clinker. Clinker comes out of the kiln as grey balls, about the size of marbles.

Clinker is discharged red-hot from the lower end of the kiln and generally is brought down to handling temperature in various types of coolers. The heated air from the coolers is returned to the kilns, a process that saves fuel and increases burning efficiency.

After the clinker is cooled, cement plants grind it and mix it with small amounts of gypsum and limestone. The cement is now ready for transport to ready-mix concrete companies to be used in a variety of construction projects (Fig. below).

Clinker quality depends on raw material composition, which has to be closely monitored to ensure the quality of the cement. Excess free lime, for example, results in undesirable effects such as volume expansion, increased setting time or reduced strength. Several laboratory and online systems can be employed to ensure process control in each step of the cement manufacturing process, including clinker formation.

Cement is a material with adhesive and cohesive properties which make it capable of bonding minerals fragments into a compact whole. For constructional purposes, the meaning of the term "cement" is restricted to the bonding materials used with stones, sand, bricks, building stones, etc.

COST ESTIMATION

Plant Capacity                                   1000 MT/Day

Land & Building (20,000 sq.mt.)        Rs. 19.11 Cr

Plant & Machinery                               Rs. 17.32 Cr

Working Capital for 2 Months           Rs. 20.94 Cr

Total Capital Investment                    Rs. 59.67 Cr

Rate of Return                                     37%

Break Even Point                                42%

• INTRODUCTION
  
• TYPES OF CEMENTS:
• PORTLAND CEMENT:
• AN APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS FOR RAW MIX ON IGNITED BASIS, 
• OR FOR CLINKER, IS:
• MATERIALS, AS MINED, THEREFORE, ARE TYPICALLY PROPORTIONED:
• A TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF CLINKER IS GIVEN IN THE TABLE BELOW:
• CLINKER COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION OF CLINKER
• THE COMPOSITION OF CLINKER IS EXAMINED BY TWO SEPARATE APPROACHES:
• THE FOUR MAIN COMPONENTS OF CLINKER ARE:
• OTHER SUBSTANCES MAY BE PRESENT IN SMALL AMOUNTS:
• THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CLINKER IS USUALLY GIVEN IN OXIDE 
• FORM, AS FOLLOWS (IN OXIDE WEIGHT %):
• THERMOCHEMISTRY OF CLINKER
• TYPES OF CLINKER
• SULFATE RESISTANT CLINKER
• LOW HEAT CLINKER
• WHITE CLINKER
• LOW-ALKALI CLINKER
• BELITE CALCIUMSULFOALUMINATE TERNESITE (BCT)
• ADVANTAGE OF CEMENT PLANT USING CLINKER
• GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
• FIGURE: GLOBAL CEMENT PRODUCTION
• TABLE: SUMMARY OF GASES EMISSION DURING CEMENT MANUFACTURING
• PROCESSES EXPRESSED IN G/KG * CEMENT AND G/KG ** CLINKER
• TABLE: SPECIFIC THERMAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN A CLINKER
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• PROPERTIES
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
• SETTING TIME
• TESTS:
• CONSISTENCY
• SOUNDNESS
• TEST FOR SOUNDNESS
• FINENESS
• TEST FOR FINENESS
• STRENGTH
• DURATION OF TESTING
• TYPICALLY, DURATIONS OF TESTING ARE:
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• USES AND APPLICATIONS
• B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
• PROCESS FLOW CHART
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• EXTRACTION AND PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS
• HOMOGENIZATION
• PRE-HEATING
• KILN PHASE
• COOLING AND STORING
• CEMENT CLINKER GRINDING
• FLOW CHART OF BALL MILL FOR CEMENT CLINKER GRINDING:
• PHYSICAL CONTROL AND COMPOSITION OF RAWMIX
• BURNABILITY OF RAW MIX
• CLINKERISATION
• INFLUENCE OF THE RAW MIX ON CLINKER FORMATION AND BURNABILITY
• TYPES OF KILN
• TYPES OF KILNS - WET, DRY & SEMI-DRY
• WET KILN
• DRY KILN
• LONG DRY KILN
• SP KILN
• ILC-E KILN
• ILC KILN
• SLC KILN
• SLC-S KILN
• SLC-I KILN
• ASH ABSORPTION
• VOLATILE MATTER
• CIRCULATION OF VOLATILE IN SIMPLE KILN SYSTEM
• MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF ALKALI SALTS
• TO ENSURE TROUBLE FREE OPERATION OF A PREHEATER KILN 
• THE FOLLOWING LIMITS APPLY:
• MAIN FEATURES DURING BURNING
• CHEMICAL CONTROL DURING OPERATION OF THE KILN SYSTEM 
• IS DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING:
• FUEL
• TYPES OF FUEL
• COAL
• TYPICAL PETROLEUM COKES
• PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL:
• ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL:
• CHEMICAL ANALYSIS:
• HEAT VALUE:
• FUEL OIL
• TYPICAL ANALYSIS FOR OIL IS:
• GAS
• WASTE FUELS
• COMBUSTION
• COAL & OIL
• FINENESS OF COAL
• DRYING OF COAL
• ASH CONTENT
• GAS CONTENT
• MINOR COMPONENTS
• REQUIREMENT FOR AIR
• THE MINIMUM AMOUNT OF OXYGEN REQUIRED FOR COMBUSTION, 
• OMIN, CAN BE CALCULATEDBY:
• THEREFORE THE REQUIRED AMOUNT OF AIR, LMIN, IS:
• THE TOTAL VOLUME OF THE COMBUSTION GAS IS:
• PROCESS GAS
• MARKET OVERVIEW OF CEMENT IN INDIA  
• MARKET OVERVIEW
• EXPORT AND IMPORT OF CEMENT
• INSTALLED CAPACITY & KEY MARKETS IN EACH OF THE GEOGRAPHIC
• REGIONS
• RECENT STRATEGIES
• SUCCESSFUL USE OF ALTERNATE FUELS IN CEMENT PRODUCTION
• GROWTH DRIVERS AND OPPORTUNITIES
• GOVERNMENT BUDGET ALLOCATION AND SCHEMES
• INVESTMENT SCENARIO
• MARKET POSITION
• MARKET SIZE
• INVESTMENTS
• GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
• INDIAN CEMENT INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
• GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CEMENT INDUSTRY IN INDIA
• REGIONWISE CEMENT PRODUCTION IN INDIA
• CEMENT PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF INDIA BETWEEN FY 2018 
• AND FY 2021(IN MILLION METRIC TONS)
• NORTHERN REGION
• EASTERN REGION
• SOUTHERN REGION
• WESTERN REGION
• CENTRAL REGION
• CONSUMPTION VOLUME OF CEMENT IN INDIA (IN MILLION METRIC TONS)
• TOP KEY MANUFACTURERS IN WORLDWIDE CEMENT CLINKER 
• MARKETS ARE:
• ABOUT CEMENT CLINKER MARKET:
• CEMENT CLINKER MARKET SEGMENTATION ANALYSIS:
• CEMENT CLINKER MARKET SEGMENTS BY TYPES:
• CEMENT CLINKER MARKET SEGMENTS BY APPLICATION:
• GEOGRAPHICAL SEGMENTATION:
• COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE AND CEMENT CLINKER MARKET SHARE 
• ANALYSIS
• EXPORT AND IMPORT OF CEMENT
• PLANT LAYOUT
• SUPPLIERS OF CEMENTS
• SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
• SUPPLIERS OF CLINKER
• SUPPLIER OF CALCIUM ALUMINO FERRITE
• SUPPLIER OF FREE LIME
• CHINE SUPPLIERS OF CLINKER GRINDING PLANT
• SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
• SUPPLIERS OF CLINKER GRINDING PLANT
• SUPPLIERS OF CEMENT BAG PACKING MACHINE
• SUPPLIERS OF CEMENT TESTING EQUIPMENT
• SUPPLIERS OF DG SETS
• SUPPLIERS OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
• SUPPLIERS OF COOLING TOWER
• SUPPLIERS OF ETP PLANTS
• SUPPLIERS OF MEASURING AND TESTING INSTRUMENTS
• SUPPLIERS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
• SUPPLIERS OF AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENTS
• SUPPLIERS OF AIR COMPRESSORS
• SUPPLIERS OF ASSEMBLY LINE
• SUPPLIERS OF EOT CRANE
• SUPPLIERS OF ELECTRICAL PANEL
• SUPPLIERS OF ELECTRIC MOTOR
• SUPPLIERS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
• SUPPLIERS OF AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENTS
• SUPPLIERS OF AIR COMPRESSORS
• SUPPLIERS OF MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
• SUPPLIERS OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
• SUPPLIERS OF SHOT BLASTING MACHINE
• SUPPLIERS OF JIGS AND FIXTURE
• SUPPLIERS OF SUBMERSIBLE WATER PUMP

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS

02. LAND & BUILDING

03. PLANT AND MACHINERY

04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS

05. FIXED CAPITAL

06. RAW MATERIAL

07. SALARY AND WAGES

08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS

09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL

10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT

11. COST OF PRODUCTION

12. TURN OVER/ANNUM

13. BREAK EVEN POINT

14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE

15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS

16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS

17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS

18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)