Complete Technology Handbook on Sugarcane Processing and its By Products with Production of Sugar and its Alternatives with Project Profiles

Complete Technology Handbook on Sugarcane Processing and its By Products with Production of Sugar and its Alternatives with Project Profiles

ISBN: 9788189765781

Price: Rs. 2200/- 

The book contains chapter on Introduction, Sugarcane Processing, Sugar Boiling Method, Exhaustibility of Molasses, Tissue Culture of Sugar Cane, Colour of Sugar cane Juice, Analysis of the Syrup, Massecuites and Molasses, By-products of Molasses, Remuneration System of Sugarcane, Bagasse and as a Green Additive in the Production of Environmentally Friendly Elastomeric Compounds, Figures of Plant and Machinery of Sugar Industry, Sugars as a Possible Indicator of Honey Authenticity, Production of Sugars from Sago Palm, The Impact of Processing of Brazilian Brown Sugar, Development of Sustainable Biorefineries of Sucrose from Sugarcane and Beet, Quality Control in the Sugar and Ethanol Industries, The Sugar Production Process, Ethanol Fermentation, Distillation, Industrial Waste Recovery, Sugarcane Bioenergy, Managing Costs of Production and Processing, Glycaemic Responses and Toleration, Dental Health, Digestive Health, Calorie Control and Weight Management, Brazzein: A Natural Sweetener Manufacturing, Steviol Glycosides Manufacturing Technology, Acesulfame K Manufacturing, Aspartame, Neotame and Advantame, Saccharin and Cyclamate Manufacturing, Sucralose Manufacturing, Natural High-Potency Sweeteners Manufacturing, Erythritol Manufacturing Technology, Lactitol Manufacturing Technology, Maltitol Powder Manufacturing, Maltitol Syrups Manufacturing Technology, Sorbitol and Mannitol Manufacturing, Xylitol Manufacturing, New Developments in Sweeteners, Isomaltulose, Trehalose, Bulking Agents - Multi-Functional Ingredients, Plant Economics of Ethanol Production from Sugar Cane Juice, Plant Economics of Ethyl Acetate, Plant Economics of Icing Sugar, Plant Economics of Natural Sugar Wax, Plant Economics of Pearl Sugar Candy (Mishri), Plant Economics of Starch to Sweeteners (Maltodextrin, De40 Syrup, Maltitol, Dextrose Monohydrate), Plant Economics of Sugar Plant, Plant Economics of Sugarcane Juice Bottling Plant in PET Bottles, Plant Economics of Sugarcane Juice in Tetrapack, Plant Economics of Sugarcane Plantation and Sugar Mill with By-Product and Ethanol for Electricity.

Contents

Chapter 1

Introduction

Processing and Byproducts of Sugarcane:

Applications

Sugarcane Juice

Sugarcane Byproducts and their Applications

Bagasse

Uses of Sugarcane Bagasse and its Based Products:

Paper from Bagasse

Boards or Agglomerated Products

Biogas Production from Bagasse

Production of Furfural

Use as Animal Feed

Ethanol production

Sugarcane Molasses

Sugarcane Molasses and Its Products Have a Wide Range of Applications

Molasses as a Fertilizer

Molasses as Animal Feed

Molasses as a Distilling Raw Material

Fermentation

Distillation Industries

Molasses By-Products:

Bioethanol Production from Sugarcane Molasses

Pressmud or Filter Mud: Uses and Products

Sugarcane Products

Sugar: Processing Steps

Chapter 2

Sugarcane Processing

Sugar Cane: Refining Process

Improvement of Sugar Cane Cultivation

Soil

Popular varieties with their yield

Other States varieties

Land Preparation

Sowing

Time of sowing

Spacing

Sowing Depth

Method of sowing

Seed

Seed Rate

Seed Treatment

Soil Treatment

Weed Control

Irrigation

Plant Protection

Pest and their control:

Disease and their control:

Manufacture of gur (Jaggery)

Manufacturing Process & Know How

Process Flow Chart

Plant and Machinery

Grading of gur (Jaggery)

Calcium Saccharin (Food Grade)

Nutritive Value of gur (Jaggery)

Medicinal properties of jaggery

Machineries for the manufacture of gur (Jaggery)

Automatic Jaggery Plant: Best and Most Profitable Manufacturing Business Ideas

Composition of Sugar Cane and Juice

Medicinal effects of sugarcane juice

Sucrose and reducing Sugars

Structure of Sucrose

Chemical Data of Sucrose

Physical Properties of Sucrose

Chemical Properties of Sucrose

Thermal Degradation of Sucrose

Uses of Sucrose

Milling of Sugar Cane

Cane preparation

Juice extraction

Clarification

Filters

Cane Sugar Refining: Decolorization with Absorbant

Keeping and Refining Qualities of Raw Sugar

Chemical used in Phosphatation process

Analysis of Sugar

Scope

Sample Types

Method

Sample Preparation

Calibration

Analysis

Calculations

Reporting

Limit of Detection and Quantitation

Carbohydrate (Sugar) Method Development and Validation

Filtration/Clarifiation

Crystallization & Honey Separation

Drying & Packaging

Analysis of the Juice

Treatment of Mud Waters and Clarified Juice

Filtration Technologies

Rotary Vacuum Filters

Clarification

Filters

Crystallization of Juice

Chapter 3

Sugar Boiling Method

The sugar boiling process model

Syrup Oversaturation

Syrup Feed

Crystal Growth Rate

Consistency

Boiling High Purity Syrups

Final Brixing

Purity Compensation

Light Feed Syrup

Heavy Feed Syrup

Unusual Situations

Inadequate Feed Syrup

Loss of Vacuum

Intermediate Purity

Boiling

Low Purity Syrups

Low Purity-Seeding

Low Purity Boiling

Cutting Over

Chapter 4

Exhaustibility of Molasses

Molasses processing in beet/cane sugar mills

Purify molasses

Electrodialysis - highly efficient and green technology for beet/cane sugar molasses purification

Benefits of MEGA ED in molasses processing

Processing of sugar molasses using electrodialysis technology

The Manufacturing Process

Washing and cutting

Extracting the sugar juice

Clarifying the juice

Evaporating and concentrating the syrup

Storage and boffling

Byproducts/Waste

Chapter 5

Tissue Culture of Sugar Cane

Stage 1: Establishment of shoot cultures

Sterilization of the material

Inoculation

Stage 2: Multiplication of shoots

Stage 3: Rooting and Hardening

Stage 4: Field planting

Chapter 6

Colour of Sugar cane Juice

Concentration of sugarcane juice using forward osmosis membrane with fouling and cleaning study

Modelling, validation and process simulation of forward osmosis membrane for the concentration of sugarcane juice

Microfluidization (MF)

Pulsed electric field (PEF)

Ultrasound treatment (US)

Irradiation

Membrane technology

Ozone treatment

Chapter 7

Analysis of the Syrup, Massecuites and Molasses

Processing of sugarcane syrup

Physical properties and nutrient composition of the sugarcane syrup

Sensory Evaluation

Microbial Population

Massecuite

Sugar Factory Material Balance Calculation for 3 machine Boiling

Cane molasses

Typical Analysis

Chapter 8

By-products of Molasses

Molasses: uses and its based products

Molasses as fertilizer

Molasses as animal feed

Utilization of molasses for distilling industry:

Fermentation

Vinegar

Butanol acetone

Distillation industries

Rum

Ethyl Alcohol

Ordinary Denatured Spirit (O.D.S)

Dextran

Aconitic acid

Itaconic acid

Monosodium Glutamate

Carbon Dioxide

Pressmud: A Source of Biogas, Steroiclal Drugs and Biomenure

Fermentation

Hydrolysis

Acidogenesis

Acetogenesis

Methanogenesis

Wax from Pressmud

Pressmud in carbon sequestration

Pressmud as carrier for plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

Composted pressmud for plant growth

Single cell protein using pressmud as substrate

Microprocessor based electronic instrumentation and Contrul System for Modernisation of the Sugar Industry

Chapter 9

Remuneration System of Sugarcane

Focus

Motivation of money

Concept of total remuneration

Concept of wages

Remuneration Special Groups

Importance of Performance-Based Remuneration Systems

Training and development programs

Feedback

Personal Development

Administrative Objectives

Promotion

Transfers

Wage and salary administration

Training and development

Personal Research

Self Improvement

Remuneration elements and market alignment

Variable Compensation

Short term incentive: cash bonus

Targets

Chapter 10

Bagasse and as a Green Additive in the Production of Environmentally Friendly Elastomeric Compounds

Home Compostable

Uses and trends for sugarcane bagasse valorization

Sugarcane bagasse incineration for energy generation in sugar mills

Valorization of sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production

Energy balance and emissions

Chapter 11

Figures of Plant and Machinery of Sugar Industry

Baggase Drier Unit

High Pressure Boilers 

Short Retention Clarifiers

Advantages

Falling Film Plate Type Evaporators

Outstanding Features

Advantages

Continuous Vacuum Pans

Sugar Refinery (Defeco-Melt Phosphatation Followed By Ion Exchange Resin)

Spent Wash Incineration Technology

Extraction Equipment with Low Power Consumption

Evaporation Solutions With Advanced Design

Industry Standard Sugar Crystallization Technology

High-Grade Massecuite Centrifugation Equipment

Rotary Drum Dryers with Maximum Crystal Preservation

Instrumentation

Monotrac: Measure Massecuite Conductivity

Chapter 12

Sugars as a Possible Indicator of Honey Authenticity

Analytical techniques and applications

Physicochemical and sensory analysis

Separation techniques

Liquid chromatography

Gas chromatography

Bioanalytical techniques

Spectroscopy

Chapter 13

Production of Sugars from Sago Palm

Purification of Sago Sugars

Drying of Sago Sugars

Sweetness Test

Flavonoids in Brown Sago Sugars

Production of Sugars from Sago Hampas

Chapter 14

The Impact of Processing of Brazilian Brown Sugar

Product Description

Product Uses

Product Raw Material

Manufacturing Process

Raw Material Procurement

Production process

Raw material processing

Extraction

Centrifuging

Packing

Testing

Plant & Machinery

Sugarcane Juice Boiling House

Centrifugal Machine

Crystallizer

Granulator with Dryer

Packing machine

Chapter 15

Development of Sustainable Biorefineries of Sucrose from Sugarcane and Beet

By-products obtained from the sucrose manufacturing processes

Sucrose and waste biomass from processing sugar beets as raw materials in biotechnology

Sucrose and waste biomass from processing of sugar beets as raw materials in chemistry

Dehydration of sugars

Hydrogenation of sugars

Chapter 16

Quality Control in the Sugar and Ethanol Industries

Sugar quality process

Polarisation

ICUMSA colour measurement

Ash

Moisture

Crystal size and uniformity

Filterability

Quality control solutions for ethanol production

Chapter 17

The Sugar Production Process

Overview of Sugar Manufacturing

Raw Materials for Sugar Production

Step-by-step Breakdown of Sugar Production

Sugar Manufacturing Process

Cleaning

Grinding

Extraction

Evaporation

Crystallisation

Packaging

Sustainable Sugar Manufacturing Practices

Role of Technology in Modern Sugar Production

Future of Sugar Manufacturing and Potential Innovations

Flowchart Sugar Manufacturing Process

Chapter 18

Ethanol Fermentation

Introduction to the Fermentation Process

Fermentation of alcohol formula

The Fermentation process

Fermentation Conditions

Fermentation reactions

Raw materials

Chapter 19

Distillation

Role of Raoult’s Law and Dalton’s Law

Why is it Impossible to Completely Purify a Mixture by Distillation?

Types of Distillation

Simple Distillation

Fractional Distillation

Steam Distillation

Vacuum Distillation

Air-Sensitive Vacuum Distillation

Short Path Distillation

Zone Distillation

Important Applications

Chapter 20

Industrial Waste Recovery

Filter Cake

Distillery Spentwash

The Composting System

Advantages and Constraints in Composting Technology

Benefits of Filter Cake Based Compost

Long-Term Effects

Effluents and Wastes from Sugar Industry and Distilleries

Sugar Industry

Press Mud

Bagasse

Wastewater

Mill House

Condensates

Condensers Washings

Occasional Leaks

Molasses Mixed Water

Treatment of Wastes from Sugar Industry

Methods of Treatment

Effects of Pollution

Effects of pollution on land 

Physico-Chemical Treatment Methods

Biological Treatment Methods

Anaerobic Reactors and Processes

Recycled Flocs (Contact Reactor)

Sludge Blanket Reactor (Clarigester Type Reactor)

Conventional Digesters

Open Lagoons

Anaerobic Activated Sludge Process

Acid Methane Segregation Process

Types of Aerobic Treatment Process

Other Methods/Systems

Spent Wash Treatment with Municipal Waste

Disposal of Distillery Wastes

Chapter 21

Sugarcane Bioenergy

Sugarcane as an energy crop

Sugarcane Bioenergy Technology

Conventional Ethanol (1G)

Biofuel

The future of biofuels

Genome engineering in sugarcane for improvement in biofuel production

Process flow diagram of bioethanol production from sugarcane bagasse

Chapter 22

Managing Costs of Production and Processing

Introduction

The working efficiency of sugar mills

Factors responsible for high cost per unit of sugar production

Small size sugar plants are being set up all over the country

Suggestions to reduce cost per unit of sugar production

Requirement for implementing cost management techniques used in sugar industry

Suggestion

Chapter 23

Glycaemic Responses and Toleration

The acute glycaemic response to sugars and alternatives

Long-term glycaemic control with sweeteners and bulking agents

Are low glycaemic carbohydrates of benefit in healthy persons?

Gastrointestinal tolerance in relation to the glycaemic response

Chapter 24

Dental Health

Dental Caries

The problem

Aetiology

Control and prevention

Determining cariogenicity

Reduced-Calorie Bulk Sweeteners

Erythritol

Isomalt

Lactitol

Maltitol

Sorbitol

Mannitol

D-tagatose

Xylitol

Key points from the dental evidence for reduced-calorie sweeteners and their use

High-Potency (High-Intensity) Sweeteners

Are high-intensity sweeteners safe to eat?

Are there any high-intensity sweeteners that should be avoided by some people?

How much high-intensity sweetener is safe to eat?

Chapter 25

Digestive Health

The side effects of artificial sweeteners

Gut Health

Prebiotics Versus Fibre

Endogenous Prebiotics

Milk oligosaccharides

Secreted substrates in the gut

Prebiotics

Current Prebiotics

Health Benefits

Synbiotics

Synbiotic Selection Criteria

Synbiotics in Use

Mechanism of Action of Synbiotics

Synbiotics for Humans

Chapter 26

Calorie Control and Weight Management

Caloric contribution of sugars in the diet

Calorie control and its importance in weight management

Calorie Reduction in Foods

Low-Calorie Sweeteners and Health

Weight Control

Sweeteners and satiety, energy intakes and body weight

Satiety and energy intake

Body weight management

Chapter 27

Brazzein: A Natural Sweetener Manufacturing

Introduction

Evolutionary importance of glucose

Small carbohydrate sweeteners

Synthetic, non-carbohydrate sweeteners

Plant-derived sweeteners

Discovery of protein sweeteners

Structure and action of sweet proteins

Protein sweeteners and their interactions with the taste receptor T1R2/T1R3

Brazzein, a high-intensity natural protein sweetener

Structure of brazzein

Recombinant production of brazzein

Recombinant expression of brazzein in different hosts

Expression of brazzein in corn

Considerations for brazzein as a commercial product

Chapter 28

Steviol Glycosides Manufacturing Technology

Structure

Manufacturing Technology

Extraction Technologies

Stability of Steviol Glycosides

Sensory Properties

Sweetness Potency

Flavor Profile

Sweetness Temporal Profile

Food Applications

Blending

Metabolism

Effect on Fasting Blood Glucose and Insulin

Effect on Energy Intake and Weight Control

Effect on Blood Pressure

Effect on Lipids

Chapter 29

Acesulfame K Manufacturing

What foods are high in Acesulfame potassium?

Foods containing acesulfame potassium

Acesulfame k benefits

Weight management

Diabetes

Dental health

Helps reduce calories

Remains stable under high temperatures

Longer Shelf Life

Tastes Sweet and Clean

Synergistic action

Acesulfame potassium side effects

Is acesulfame potassium carcinogenic?

Do the acesulfame potassium side effects promote diabetes?

Does acesulfame potassium side effects seen in pregnancy?

Manufacturing Process flow chart

Chapter 30

Aspartame, Neotame and Advantame

Aspartame

Synthesis

Production of aspartame

Applications

Uses in manufacturing

Soft drinks

Yoghurt

Confectionery

Neotame

Applications

Advantame

Sensory properties

Stability

Solubility

Chapter 31

Saccharin and Cyclamate Manufacturing

Saccharin

The Remsen-Fahlberg process for saccharin manufacture

The Maumee process for saccharin manufacture

Flavour profile

Saccharin uses

Food and drink sources

Food and drink

Sweetener

Other uses

Cyclamate

Manufacture and chemical composition

Cyclamate’s performance

Audrieth-Sveda process for cyclamate manufacture

Applications

Chapter 32

Sucralose Manufacturing

Introduction

Sucralose manufacturing process

Applications

Beverages

Dairy products

Confectionery

Baked products

Pharmaceuticals

Chapter 33

Natural High-Potency Sweeteners Manufacturing

Introduction

The Sweeteners

Thaumatin

Steviol glycosides

Lo hanguo (mogroside)

Brazzein

Monatin

Chapter 34

Erythritol Manufacturing Technology

Introduction

General characteristics

Organoleptic Properties

Sweetness intensity

Sweetness profile

Cooling effect

Synergy with other sweeteners

Caloric value

Digestive tolerance

Dental health

Anti-oxidant properties

Applications

Table-top sweeteners

Beverages

Chewing gum

Chocolate

Formulation and manufacturing process

Manufacturing process

Fondant

Formulation and manufacturing process

Manufacturing process

Bakery (pastry) products

Bakery fillings

Formulation

Manufacturing process

Hard biscuit formulation

Hard biscuit manufacturing process

Sponge cake formulation

Sponge cake manufasscturing process

Chapter 35

Isomalt Manufacturing

Introduction

Applications

Hard candies

Basic Manufacturing recipe for isomalt hard candies

Production process

Flow chart of an isomalt candy process

Cooking

Chocolates

Basic formula for chocolate

Low Boilings

Formulation for a fruit flavoured low boiling with gum Arabic

Chewing gum

Isomalt GS pan coating Formulation

Basic recipe for Isomalt DC tablet formulation

Baked goods

Fruit spreads

Basic Formulation for fruit spreads

Formulation for extruded cereals

Chapter 36

Lactitol Manufacturing Technology

Manufacturing of lactitol

Catalytic hydrogenation

Organoleptic Properties

Applications

Chocolate

Baked goods

Chewing gum and confectionery

Ice cream and frozen desserts

Tablets

Health claims

Chapter 37

Maltitol Powder Manufacturing

Introduction

Manufacturing

Alternative methods of maltitol manufacture

Applications in Foods

Chocolate

Sugar-free panning

Dairy applications

Bakery applications

Composite foods

Chapter 38

Maltitol Syrups Manufacturing Technology

Introduction

Structure

Manufacturing

Maltitol syrups

Polyglycitols

Sweetness

Applications in foods

Uses of Maltitol syrups

Chapter 39

Sorbitol and Mannitol Manufacturing

Introduction

Manufacturing

Sorbitol powder

Sorbitol syrups

Mannitol

Structure

Applications in Foods

Non-Food Applications

Chapter 40

Xylitol Manufacturing

Introduction

Manufacturing process

Applications

Non-food applications

Chapter 41

New Developments in Sweeteners

Introduction

Innovation in natural sweeteners and sugar substitutes is flourishing

Functional Fibre

Flavours and Aromas

Rare sugars

Sugar Alcohols

Sweet taste modulator mechanism of action

Future sweet taste modulators and new sweeteners

Modulators for other taste modalities

Savoury Flavour Ingredients

Bitter Blockers

Cooling Flavours

Salt Taste Modulators

Chapter 42

Isomaltulose

Introduction

Applications

Beverage applications

Confectionery applications

Other applications

Chapter 43

Trehalose

Production

Application in Food

Technical properties

Stabilisation of carbohydrates

Stabilisation of proteins

Stabilisation of flavours and aromas

Chapter 44

Bulking Agents-Multi-Functional Ingredients

Introduction

Gluco-Polysaccharides

Polydextrose

Resistant starches and resistant maltodextrins

Fibersol-2

Applications

Nutriose FB

Fructo-Oligosaccharides

Inulin and low-molecular-weight FOS

Applications of FOS

Applications of inulin

Chapter 45

Plant Economics of Ethanol Production from Sugar Cane Juice

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 46

Plant Economics of Ethyl Acetate

Plant Economics

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 47

Plant Economics of Icing Sugar

Raw Materials

Formulations of Icing Sugar

Formulation - 1: (Royal Icing Sugar):

Manufacturing Process

Formulation - 2: (Royal Type Icing)

Process

Fondant Sugar (Dry Powder) Formulation

Process

Fluffy Frosting Mix (Dry Powder)

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 48

Plant Economics of Natural Sugar Wax

Plant Economics

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 49

Plant Economics of Pearl Sugar Candy (Mishri)

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 50

Plant Economics of Starch to Sweeteners (Maltodextrin, De40 Syrup, Maltitol, Dextrose Monohydrate)

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 51

Plant Economics of Sugar Plant

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 52

Plant Economics of Sugarcane Juice Bottling Plant in PET Bottles

Process flow sheet for sugarcane juice in PET bottles

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 53

Plant Economics of Sugarcane Juice in Tetrapack

Plant Economics

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 54

Plant Economics of Sugarcane Plantation and Sugar Mill with by Product and Ethanol for Electricity

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum