Complete Technology Book on Electric Vehicles Manufacturing (Electric Bicycle, E-Scooter, Electric Rickshaw, E-Bus, E-Passenger Car, Electric Two and Wheeler, E-Truck) Including Assembling Process, Machinery Equipments & Project Profiles)
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In the midst of the evolving landscape of transportation, a silent revolution is taking place. Electric vehicles (EVs) have become the cornerstone of a more sustainable and eco-conscious future. As we stand on the threshold of a transportation paradigm shift, this handbook is your comprehensive guide to understanding, manufacturing, and prospering in the world of electric mobility. We start at the basics, diving into the intricate components that make electric vehicles a reality. From the critical lithium-ion batteries to electric motors, from two-wheelers and e-scooters to e-buses and passenger cars, this book leaves no stone unturned in demystifying the intricacies of EV technology. We open the gateway to a world of business opportunities. Whether you aim to dive into EV manufacturing, battery production, charging station infrastructure, or even software development, you'll find insights into the diverse avenues of opportunity within the electric vehicle sector. We turn our attention to the future, shedding light on the reasons behind the rapid growth of electric vehicle sales and their global imperative. The foundation laid in the early chapters sets the stage for an exciting journey into the entrepreneurial world.
But what if you aspire to start your own electric vehicle manufacturing business? A detailed roadmap guides you through the strategic planning, legal aspects, and the nuts and bolts of the EV production process. From selecting an ideal location to expanding your business, you'll find all the crucial steps meticulously detailed. As we progress through the chapters, we branch into other sectors of electric vehicles. Electric bicycles are dissected, electric scooter parts examined, and electric hybrid vehicles (e-scooters) unveiled. The heart of electric vehicle manufacturing is unveiled, where we scrutinize components, raw materials, design, assembly processes, quality control, and the future trends. We delve deep into the construction of electric cars, from traction battery packs to power inverters, highlighting design-for-manufacturing principles and safety requirements.
The heart of the EV revolution is the batteries, discussed in detail. Throughout this comprehensive guide, you'll witness the electric vehicle industry unfold, revealing a world of opportunities, innovation, and sustainability. Whether you are an aspiring entrepreneur or an electric vehicle enthusiast, this handbook is your compass in the vibrant world of electric mobility. The future of transportation is electric, and this book will empower you to be part of that future.
The book Complete Technology Book on Electric Vehicles Manufacturing (Electric Bicycle, E-Scooter, E-Motorcycle, Electric Rickshaw, E-Bus, E-Passenger Car, Electric Two and Wheeler, E-Truck) including Assembling Process, Machinery Equipments & Project Profiles) contains chapters on Introduction, E-Vehicle Business Ideas and Opportunities, Future of Electric Vehicles, How to Start E-Vehicle Manufacturing Business?, Electric Vehicle Market Outlook, Electric Vehicle Technology, Electric Car, Construction of Electric Car, How Electric Cars Work?, E-Car Manufacturing, E-Car Assembly Line, Electric Bicycle, E-Bicycle Parts, How E-Bikes Work?, Electric Scooter , Electric Scooter Parts, Electric Hybrid Vehicle (E-Scooter), How do Electric Scooters Work?, Design and Development of Electric Scooter , E-Scooter Environmental Impacts, E-Bicycle Assembly Production Line, Hybrid Electric Car Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), Electric Rickshaw, Hybrid Solar E-Rickshaw, E-Rickshaws Manufacturing Design and Construction, Electric Rickshaw Charging Stations, Electric Bus, Manufacturing Process of E-Bus, E-Bus and E-Truck Manufacturing, BIS Standards, ISO Standards, Batteries, Electric Bike and Electric Scooter, Electric Bus, Electric Rickshaw, Electric Scooter, Electric Three Wheeler for Passenger and Cargo Services, E-Rickshaw, E-Loader and Retrofit Kit Converting Electric Auto Three Wheeler Rickshaw, E-Scooter with Battery Swaping System, Kids Ride on Battery Operated Cars and Bikes Manufacturing Unit, Sedan Electric Car.
Chapter 1
Introduction
Electricity sources
Connection to generator plants
Onboard generators and hybrid EVs
Onboard storage
Lithium-ion battery
Electric motor
Vehicle types
Ground vehicles
Energy and motors
Properties
Charging
Grid capacity
Charging stations
Battery swapping
Dynamic charging
Other in-development technologies
Safety
Environmental
Socio-economic
Contents-cum-Index Mechanical
Energy resilience
Energy efficiency
Total cost
Range
Heating of EVs
Electric public transit efficiency
Polluter pays principle
Emissions from Electric Vehicles
Electricity Sources and Emissions
Direct, Well-to-Wheel, and Cradle-to-Grave Emissions
Zero Tailpipe Emissions
Lower running costs
Electric Vehicles are easy to drive and quiet
Convenience of charging at home
No noise pollution
Future
Public perception
Environmental considerations
Improved batteries
Battery management and intermediate storage
Electric trucks
Hydrogen trains
Higher voltage outlets in garages of newly built homes
Infrastructure management
Stabilization of the grid
Chapter 2
E-Vehicle Business Ideas and Opportunities
Manufacturing
Electric Vehicle Manufacturing
Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing
Electric Vehicle Powertrain Manufacturing
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment manufacturing
Infrastructure
Software Development
Training and Skill Development
Retrofitting
Fleet Operation
Dealership and Franchise
Online shop for electric vehicle components
Online shop for electric car reselling
Maintenance and Repair
Battery Scrapping
EV Workshop
EV Washing Service
More Ideas
Portable Charging Station
Electric Vehicle Blog
Chapter 3
Future of Electric Vehicles
Experts predicting strong sales growth
Reason #1: Battery costs are dropping fast
Reason #2: Longer range, affordable electric cars are coming
Reason #3: More charging stations are coming
Reason #4: Auto industry is embracing EVs
Reason #5: The global imperative to cut carbon pollution and oil dependency
Chapter 4
How to Start E-Vehicle Manufacturing Business?
EV market
Business Opportunities in Electric Vehicles Sector
Chargers, Batteries and Accessories Manufacturing
EV assembly
Charging Station Installation
Electric Vehicle Conversion Services
Battery Swapping Technology
Solar Electric Vehicle Charging
EV Equipment Manufacturing Business
Create a Business Plan for EV Equipment Manufacturing Unit
Selecting a Great Location for Your Business
Registration of the EV Equipment Manufacturing Company and Acquisition of Licenses and Permits
Expand Your EV Equipment Manufacturing Business
Interact with People, and Make Them Your Customer
Battery Manufacturing Business
Research the Battery Manufacturing Process
Draft a Business Plan
Consider the Legal Aspects
Fabrication Electric Vehicle Charger
Solar Energy Powered Electric Vehicle Charger
Home EV Chargers
Chapter 5
Electric Vehicle Market Outlook
Global progress and forecast
EVs in regional markets
Europe
China
United States
Rest of the world
2030 sales forecast
EV growth beyond 2030
Four factors driving growth
Changing consumer sentiment
Policy and legislation
OEM vehicle strategy
The role of corporate companies
New landscape, new approach
Segmenting the market
Use case: UK
Key behavioural differences
Chapter 6
Electric Vehicle Technology
Vehicle Ranges
EV Regenerative Braking Modes
PHEV Drivetrain Modes
EVSE Types
Reporting Energy Consumption
Electric Vehicle Layouts
Electric motor vs Endothermic motor
Battery: “fuel” for EV
Electric vehicles
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FHEV or HEV)
How Do Hybrid Electric Cars Work?
Components of a Hybrid Electric Car
Hybrid All Wheel Drive
Series Scheme #2
Series Scheme #3
Series Scheme #4
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
All-Electric Cars Work
High voltage power cables for electric and hybrid vehicles
ECE R100
Chapter 7
Electric Car
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Benefits of electric vehicles
Lower running costs
Low maintenance cost
Zero Tailpipe Emissions
Electric Vehicle Incentive
Petrol and diesel use is destroying our planet
Electric Vehicles are easy to drive and quiet
Convenience of charging at home
No noise pollution
Drawbacks of EVs
Most EVs have pretty short ranges
Recharging can take a while
They’re a large initial investment
Charging station availability is inconsistent
There are fewer choices
Electric Vehicle Performance
Horsepower
Top Speed
Acceleration
Electric Car Drive Types
Front-Wheel Drive
Rear Wheel Drive
All Wheel Drive
Environmental aspects
Public opinion
Performance
Acceleration and drivetrain design
Chapter 8
Construction of Electric Car
Electric Car Consist Of:
System of Education for Young Drivers by Theme Electric Cars
Electric Traction motor
Weight reduction is an important design driver for range
Key Points
Battery Production - Design for Manufacturing, Production Capacity
Benefits of the Digital Twin of Battery Cell Production
Electric Car Safety
Battery Maintenance
Safety Requirements
Emergency Response and Training
Chapter 9
How Electric Cars Work?
Components
Traction battery pack
DC-DC Converter
Electric motor
Power Inverter
Charge Port
Onboard charger
Controller
Auxiliary batteries
Thermal system (cooling)
Transmission
Chapter 10
E-Car Manufacturing
Components
Raw Materials
Design
The Manufacturing
Process
Quality Control
Byproducts/Waste
The Future
Chapter 11
E-Car Assembly Line
Battery Pack Assembly Lines
Prismatic Battery Assembly Line (Type 1)
Prismatic Battery Assembly Line (Type 2)
Cell to Module Line (Segment 1)
Module to Pack Line (Segment 2)
Cylindrical Cell Line
Cell to Module Line
Module to Pack Line
Chapter 12
Electric Bicycle
Classes
Pedal-assist only
Pedelecs
S-Pedelecs
Power-on-demand and pedal-assist
Power-on-demand only
Technical
Motors and drivetrains
Batteries
Design variations
Folding E-Bikes
Health effects
Road traffic safety
Environmental effects
Advantages of E-Bike
Eco-friendly battery
Lower carbon footprint
Off-peak charging
Chargeable using sustainable energy
Zero emissions
Increased cycling distance
Protects against air pollution
Safer for roads
Efficient mode of transport
Perfect replacement for bikes
Final Thoughts
Chapter 13
E-Bicycle Parts
Electric Motor
Lithium-Ion Battery
Throttle
Step-Through Frame
Brake System
Gear Shifter
Rear Rack
Tires
Lights & Reflectors
Display
Kickstand
Bell
Chapter 14
How E-Bikes Work?
Pros and cons
Growth prospects
Worth your money
The efficiency and experience of electric bikes
Electric bikes are good for you and the environment
Electric bikes are a mood enhancer
Riding an electric bike is so easy anyone can do it
Potential safety concerns with electric bikes
Electric bikes are usually pretty heavy
Electric Bikes vs Regular Bikes: What’s the Difference?
Appearance and Mechanics
Maintenance and repairs
Riding Experience
Speed
Rules and regulations
Objective
Limitations
Theory
Power calculation
Motor
Motor controlling
MOSFET transistor
Half-bridge
PWM
Arduino
Three-Phase Gate Driver
Bootstrap Operation
Experimental Details
Planning process/design
Electronic assembly
Programming
Main code
PWM
Results
Power calculation
Subsystems
Assembled system
Wheel and motor
Components
Testing of the system
Chapter 15
Electric Scooter
Popularity
Electric Scooters are Economical to Run
Riding an electric scooter requires no effort
Urban mobility is the new ‘mega-trend’
Electric scooters are a safe alternative to public transport
Electric scooters mean zeroemissions
Electric scooters are easy to maintain
Electric scooter batteries are improving
Benefits of using Electric Scooters
Environmentally friendly
Affordable
Easy to ride
Convenient
Portability of Electric scooters
Easy to park
Reduce carbon emissions
Perfect for short trips
Future of transportation
Chapter 16
Electric Scooter Parts
Batteries
Electric Scooter Batteries
Types of Batteries
Lithium Ion
Lithium Manganese (INR, NMC)
Lead-acid
Battery Life
Brakes
Types of Brakes
Disc Brakes
Advantages of disc brakes
Disadvantages of disc brakes
Hydraulic Disc Brakes
Semi Hydraulic Disc Brakes
Cable Controlled Disc Brakes
Drum Brakes
Advantages of drum brakes
Disadvantages of drum brakes
Foot Brakes
Advantages of foot brakes
Disadvantages of foot brakes
Regenerative Brakes
Advantages of regenerative brakes
Disadvantages of regenerative brakes
Electronic Brakes
Advantages of electronic brakes
Disadvantages of electronic brakes
Mechanical vs Electronic Brakes
Controller
Deck
Handlebars
Lights
Motor
Motor Power
Motor Torque
Motor Performance
Motor Types
Brushless DC Motors
Brushed DC Motors
Stem
Suspension
Tires
Chapter 17
Electric Hybrid Vehicle (E-Scooter)
Basic Design of HEV
Advantages of HEV
CAD model of HEV
Block diagram of HEV
Working of HEV
Chapter 18
How do Electric Scooters Work?
Electric Scooter Work
Electric Scooter Batteries
Electric Scooter Motors Work
Motor Power
Motor Torque
Motor Performance
Motor Types
Brushless DC Motors
Brushed DC Motors
Deck
Handlebars
Lights
Throttle
Twist Throttle
Finger Throttle
Thumb Throttle
How Does an Electric Scooter Throttle Work?
How Does an Electric Scooter Controller Work?
How Do Electric Scooter Brakes Work?
Foot Brake
Mechanical Brake
Electric Brake
How Do Electric Scooter Wheels Work?
Solid Tires
Pneumatic Tires
How Does Electric Scooter Suspension Work?
How Do Electric Scooter Handlebars Work?
How Does an Electric Scooter Frame Work?
Seated Electric Scooters
Optional scooter parts
Seats
Baskets or trunks
How do electric scooters get charged?
Are electric scooters foldable?
What are electric scooters made of?
How to perform electric scooter maintenance?
Chapter 19
Design and Development of Electric Scooter
Introduction
System Development
The Key Components in Electric Scooter
Battery Charger
Battery
Battery management systems
Motor Controller
Bldc Hub Motor
Dc-Dc Controller
Performance Analysis
Hub Motor Calculation
Motor Specification
Power Equation
Speed of Motor in RPM
Torque of the motor (T)
Selection of Motor
Rolling resistance
System Operation
Chapter 20
E-Scooter Environmental Impacts
Impact Estimation Methodology
Chapter 21
E-Bicycle Assembly Production Line
Automatic Nipple Feeder for Bicycle Rim
Features
Truing machine Obelisk E bike wheels
Product Specifications
Lacing Machine E Bike Wheels
Brake-Test Machine
Features:
Chapter 22
Hybrid Electric Car Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Powered by Electric Motor and Combustion Engine
Help from an Electric Motor
Regenerative Braking
Regenerative Braking System
How Does Regenerative Braking work in EV
Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicles and its Efficiency
Working Principle of Regenerative Braking System
Advantages and Disadvantages
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
What is a fuel cell electric vehicle?
How Fuel Cells Work
Key Components of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Car
Driving Range
Fuel-Efficient System Design
Chapter 23
Electric Rickshaw
Introduction
Types
Load carriers
Solar
Other Information:
Scope of solar panel
Future scope of solar energy
Solar powered spacecraft:
Communications satellite:
Evolution of E-Rickshaw Business
Importance Of E Rickshaw Rent Business
Zero Air Pollution
Low maintenance cost
Suitable for rural connectivity
Low operational costs
Creation of employment opportunities
Why Start an E-rickshaw Business In India?
Benefits of Electric Rickshaws
Design and Construction
Procedure
Why we should be required to calculate 1st propulsion power?
Below shows the methods followed throughout
Why we should Disgne 1st instead of directly build the model of EV?
Wheel and vehicle body
Electric system
Thermal Port
Thermal sensor
How Electric–Rickshaw Work
Major Parts and Components
Electric Motor
Electronic Motor Controller
Battery
Differential
Brake Shoe Plate for Analog
Chapter 24
Hybrid Solar ERickshaw
How Solar Rickshaw Works?
Features of Solar E-Rickshaw
Methodology and working
Technical specifications
Solar E-rickshaw with Heterogeneous Battery Packs
Chapter 25
E-Rickshaws Manufacturing Design and Construction
General Detail of ERickshaw
Procedure
Vehicle Body Subsystem Model
Vehicle Body Parameters
Tire
Gear
Vehicle Body
DC Motor
Controlled PWM Voltage
Temperature Sensor
Solver Configuration
Battery and Soc Subsystem Model
Battery
Battery State of Charge
Controlled Current Source
BUS Selector
Power GUI
Longitudinal Driver
Chapter 26
Electric Rickshaw Charging Stations
Introduction
Objectives
Electric Rickshaw and Relevant Issues
Renewable Energy
Rationale
Objectives
Technology Review
Approach
Formulation
Simulation Software
Defining System Demands
Solar Resource
System Components and Costs
Key Assumptions
Battery DOD and Capacity Selection
Battery Charging and Discharging
Local Grid
Control Logic of Grid-Connected Solar PV
Operational Strategy and Control Logic of CBESS
Economic Assumptions
Solar PV Integration
Electric Energy Time-Shift
An Opportunity for Reducing Battery Disposal
An Opportunity for Creating a Sustainable and Circular Value Chain for E Rickshaw Batteries
Economies of Scale
Microgrid and Smart Snergy Systems in Rural Areas
Implementation Pathway and Business Opportunities
Challenges and Outlook
Chapter 27
Electric Bus
Range
Articulated electric bus range around 200 km (no heating)
And what about 12-meter ebuses range? (in winter)
Electric Buses Charge
Planning charging activities
Principles
Battery
Electric Bus Work
Electric Bus Benefits
Eco-Friendliness
Quiet Operation
Minimal Maintenance
Affordability
Invention
Carbon Footprint of an Electric Transit Bus
How Much Electricity Does an Electric Bus Use?
Kinds of Batteries used in Electric Buses
How Far Can an Electric Bus Go?
What Type of Charging Station Does an Electric Bus Use?
How Long Does It Take to Charge an Electric Bus?
What Is the Life Expectancy of an Electric Bus?
Are Electric Buses Healthier?
Why Aren’t Electric Buses More Common?
Chapter 28
Manufacturing Process of E-Bus
Raw Materials
Making premanufactured components
Making the chassis
Making the body
Assembling the bus
Quality Control
The Future
Chapter 29
E-Bus and E-Truck Manufacturing
Automated Seat Assembly Lines
Introduction to Seat Adjuster
Characteristic
Main stages in an automobile seat assembly line
Seat Cushion Assembly Line Project Experience
Welding Lines for Automotive Component
Plan
Composition of Auto-Body Welding Lines
Chain management
Assemble system and instruction
Quality assurance
Truck Welding Line
Bus and Coach Welding Line
Engines and Transmission Assembly Line
Automotive Paint Shop
Plan
Chain management
Offer assemble system and instruction
Quality assurance
Automotive Assembly Line
Plan
Chain management
Offer assemble system and instruction
Conveyor System
Truck Manufacturing Assembly Line
Features
Task
Assembly process
Cab Trim Line
Electric Bus Assembly Line
Automotive Testing and Inspection Line
Plan
Chain management
Offer assemble system and instruction
Quality assurance
Vehicle Testing Pickup Truck Inspection Line/Truck Production Testing Line/Bus Testing Line
Work station allocation and testing process
Chapter 30
BIS Standards
Indian Standards for AC Charging
Indian Standards for DC Charging
Indian Standards for battery swapping
Chapter 31
ISO Standards
Type of electric propulsion vehicle
Vehicle use conditions and operating modes
Battery durability
Component mass and volume
Mounting location in the vehicle
Scope
Chapter 32
Batteries
Battery design
Evaluation of a Remanufacturing for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Car
Battery capacity and range
Battery lifespan
Battery care, second life and recycling
Types of Battery
Lead-Acid Batteries
Alkaline Batteries
Sodium Nickel Chloride NaNiCl2
Sodium–Sulphur (Na-S)
Lithium-Ion (Li-ion)
Fuel Cells
Super-Capacitors
Flywheels
Chapter 33
Plant Economics of Electric Bike and Electric Scooter
Advantages
Disadvantages
Types of electric twowheeler
E-bikes
Why EV’s?
Types of electric scooter
Advantages of Electric Two Wheelers
Limitations of Electric Two Wheelers
Working Principle
What are the principal parts of e-two wheelers framework?
Battery
Battery Upgradation
Alternator
Wiring Harness
Controllers
Chassis
Power Unit
Base plate
Cone Set and Bearings
Production Process
Fabrication of Chassis, Stands, Base Plat and Mud Guards
Fabrication of Stand
Component of system
Helical spring
Cast Iron Rod
Lifting Gear Lever
Fabrication Process
Fabrication process of base plate
Fabrication process of mudguard
Assembling Process
Process Flow Chart
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter 34
Plant Economics of Electric Bus
Introduction
What Is an Electric Bus?
How Does an Electric School Bus Work?
Eco-Friendliness
Quiet Operation
Minimal Maintenance
Affordability
Full battery electric buses (BEBs)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Battery Electric Bus Categories
Battery Technologies for EBUS
Ni-based aqueous battery system
Lithium-ion battery (LIB)
Battery Management System (BMS)
Benefits from Electric Buses
Noise
Manufacturing Process
Fabrication Process of Structue of Bus Body
Process Flow Chart
Structure Assembly
Side Paenling & Roof Paneling
Internal Paneling
Protection Treatment and Paintings
Painting Process
Cleaning with thinner
Rectification
Fitting of interior and exterior components
Mounting of bus body to chassis
Assembling process of electric bus
Trim Assembly Line
Chasis Line Assembly
Final Assembly Line
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter 35
Plant Economics of Electric Rickshaw
Introduction
E-Rickshaw (Passenger)
Major Parts and Components
Electric Motor
Electronic Motor Controller
Battery
Differential
Front Shock Absorbers
Rear Suspension
Brakes
Speedo-meter/Indicator
Miscellaneous Spare parts
Fabrication Process
Powder Coating Process:
Process flow chart for e-rickshaw and e-loader
Assembling Process of E-Rickshaw:
Assembling & Fitting Process
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter 36
Plant Economics of Electric Scooter
Introduction
How Electric Scooters Work
Electric Scooter Part
Electric Scooter Hub Motor
Electric Scooter Wheels
Electric Scooter Solid & Inflated Tires
Electric Scooter Throttle & Controllers
Electric Scooter Battery
Electric Scooter Brakes
Electric Scooter Chargers
Production Process
Assembling process
Process Flow Chart
Front Wheel Installation
Handlebars Installation:
Mirrors installation
Pedals installation
Rear storage trunk installation:
Throttle & Accessory Control Grip Installation
Seat Installation:
Installation of Rear Brake
Tire Installation
Wheel Adjustments/Maintanence
Drive Chain Installation:
Battery Installation
Installation of adopter
Testing of Electric Two Wheeler
(Product Testing) E-bike test procedure
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter 37
Plant Economics of Electric Three Wheeler for Passenger and Cargo Services
Introduction
Construction of ERickshaw
Major parts and components
Electric Motor
Electronic Motor Controller
Battery
Differential
Front Shock Absorbers
Brakes
Speedometer/Indicator
Steering
Miscellaneous Spare parts
Fabrication Process
Powder Coating Process
Assembling & Fitting Process
Process Flow
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter 38
Plant Economics of ERickshaw, E-Loader and Retrofit Kit Converting Electric Auto Three Wheeler Rickshaw
Introduction
1. Category L1:
2. Category L2:
3. Category L3:
4. Category L4:
5. Category L5:
E-Rickshaw
Construction of ERickshaw
Production Process
Process flow chart for e-rickshaw and e-loader
Fabrication Process
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter 39
Plant Economics of EScooter with Battery Swaping System
Introduction
Battery Swapping
Pros of Battery Swapping E-Scooter
Cons of Battery Swapping E-Scooter
Pros of Battery Charging E-Scooter
Cons of Battery Charging E-Scooter
Production process
Process Flow
Fabrication of Stand
Component of System
Helical Spring
Cast Iron Rod
Lifting Gear Lever
Fabrication Process
Fabrication Process of Base Plate
Frame
Platform
Platform (Base Plate)
Fabrication Process of Mudguard
Step 1: Materials
Step 2: Cut your blank
Step 3: Tools you’ll need
Step 5: Shrink the edges
Step 6: Tuck the edges (if needed)
Step 7: Planish the surface
Step 8: Wheel the surface
Step 9: File the surface
Step 10: Sand the surface
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter 40
Plant Economics of Kids Ride on Battery Operated Cars and Bikes Manufacturing Unit
Introduction
Major types of toys
Process Flow Diagram (Car Chassis)
Process Flow Diagram (Car Body)
Wheel and Tyre
Manufacturing of Car Chasis
Assembling Process
Manufacturing of Car Body
Manufacturing of Car Tyres
Manufacturing of Wind Screen
Manufacturing of side doors
Injection Moulding
Assembly
Assembly of All Toghter with Electrical Connections
Quality control
Selection of test portions
Preparation and extraction of test portions
Coatings of paint, polymer and similar coatings
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Chapter 41
Plant Economics of Sedan Electric Car
Introduction
Working of an Electric Car
Types of Batteries
Charging of Electric Vehicles (EV)
Difference between Electric Engine and Gasoline Engine
Advantages of an Electric Car
Disadvantages of an Electric Car
Current Challenges with Electric Cars
Assembling process of electric car
Raw Materials
Process Flow Chart
Design
The Manufacturing Process
Body Shop
General Assembly of Electrical Car
Own Housings. The components of the control console are also installed
Assembling of electric car
Plant Economics
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
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- Our project reports include detailed analysis that help to get industry Present Market Position and Expected Future Demand.
- Offer real analysis driving variables for the business and most recent business sector patterns in the business
- This report comprehends the present status of the business by clarifying a complete SWOT examination and investigation of the interest supply circumstance
- Report gives investigation and top to bottom money related correlation of real players/competitors
- The report gives gauges of key parameters which foresees the business execution
