Complete Technology Handbook on Fertilizers Production with Detailed Manufacturing Process (Ammonium Sulphate, Diammonium Phosphate, Urea - Ammonium Nitrate, Single Superphosphate, Neem Coated Urea, NPK Fertilizers, Magnesium Sulfate)

In an ever-growing world, where the demand for food and agriculture is paramount, the role of fertilizers cannot be overstated. Fertilizers provide the vital nutrients necessary for plant growth, improving crop yields, and ensuring food security on a global scale. Understanding the science and technology behind fertilizer production is crucial, not just for the agribusiness sector but for every individual who relies on a stable food supply.

This comprehensive book, "Complete Technology Handbook on Fertilizers Production with Detailed Manufacturing Process," delves into the fascinating world of fertilizers, uncovering the complex processes and technologies that transform raw materials into the nutrient-rich compounds that fuel our agriculture. Fertilizers have a profound impact on the world's food production, and this book unravels the intricate web of knowledge essential for anyone involved in or curious about this field.

Exploring the Fertilizer Landscape

The book starts by providing an introduction to the world of fertilizers, tracing the history of their use and the various types available. Readers will discover the essential distinction between organic and inorganic fertilizers, understanding their individual roles in modern agriculture. It delves into the diverse range of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers, giving insight into the industrial processes that lead to their production.

From Idea to Reality

For aspiring entrepreneurs and business enthusiasts, the book takes you through the journey of starting a fertilizer manufacturing business. It outlines the investment requirements, the importance of research, licensing, and location selection. This part of the book provides a strategic roadmap for those who want to venture into the fertilizer industry.

The Fertilizer Technology Spectrum

One of the most critical sections of this book is dedicated to understanding the technology behind fertilizers. Readers will learn about fertilizer grades, specifications, and essential terminology, which form the foundation of this industry. This knowledge is vital for producing fertilizers that meet the needs of different crops and soil conditions.

Market Trends and Analysis

In the dynamic world of agriculture, keeping an eye on market trends and analysis is essential. This book explores key trends and market analysis, providing insights into the global fertilizer market. Readers will gain a deeper understanding of market segmentation, product types, and competitive landscapes.

Exploring the Science of Fertilizers

Chapters on chemical fertilizers offer detailed insights into major nutrients and micronutrients, shedding light on their chemical properties, uses, and applications. The book covers not only the science behind fertilizers but also practical aspects of fertilizer material sources and the calculations involved in fertilizer application.

Discovering the Potential of Manure

Manure, often overlooked but a valuable source of organic nutrients, takes center stage in this book. Readers will learn about the factors affecting manure production, its composition, and the benefits and disadvantages of using manure-based fertilizers.

From Laboratory to Field

For those interested in understanding specific compounds and their production processes, the book offers in-depth chapters on various fertilizers, such as ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, single superphosphate, zinc sulfate, and many more. These chapters break down the chemical processes involved in manufacturing these fertilizers, highlighting their properties and applications.

In-Depth Economics and Market Insights

This book not only provides comprehensive knowledge about fertilizer technology but also delves into the economics of fertilizer plants. Readers will learn about the investments required, capital expenditure, working capital, and potential turnover, making it a valuable resource for entrepreneurs and investors.

In conclusion, this book is a valuable resource for professionals, students, researchers, entrepreneurs, and anyone interested in the fascinating world of fertilizer production. It offers a holistic view of the science, technology, economics, and applications of fertilizers, serving as an indispensable guide in a world where agriculture plays a critical role in our daily lives.

We hope this book provides the knowledge you seek, whether you are a newcomer or a seasoned professional in the field of fertilizer production. As we embark on this journey, may the insights gained from these pages contribute to the growth and success of your endeavors in agriculture, and ultimately, to the sustenance of a growing global population.

Complete Technology Handbook on Fertilizers Production with Detailed Manufacturing Process contains chapters on How to Start a Fertilizer Manufacturing Business?, Fertilizer Technology, Market Outlook, Chemical Fertilizers, Fertilizer Material, Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl), Ammonium Phosphate ((NH4)3PO4), Ammonium Sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), Ammonium Sulfate Manufacturing, Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) ((NH4)2HPO4), Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) Preparation, DAP Fertilizer Manufacturing, Urea- Ammonium Nitrate, Neem Coated Urea, Urea Fertilizer Process Selection and Economic Aspects, Neem Seed Oil Mill Plant, N.P.K. Complex Fertilizers, Potassium Chloride, Single Superphosphate (SSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP) Manufacturing Process, Triple Superphosphate (TSP), Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2), Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4), Zinc Sulphate Monohydrate, Magnesium Sulfate, Liquid Fertilizer Production (Liquefaction), Organic Fertilizer, Manure Production, Classification of Manure, Crop Nutrient Production, ISO Standards for Fertilizer, Fertilizer Standards List, Factory Layout and Process Flow Chart and Diagrams, Plant Economics of Ammonium Nitrate, Plant Economics of Ammonium Sulphate Plant, Plant Economics of Biofertilizer, Plant Economics of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Plant Economics of NPK Fertilizer, Plant Economics of NPKS Mix Fertilizer, Plant Economics of Single Super Phosphate & Sulphuric Acid, Plant Economics of Urea Fertilizer Plant, Plant Economics of Zinc Sulphate Monohydrate.

Chapter 1

Introduction 

History 

Types of Fertilisers 

Organic Fertilizers 

Inorganic Fertilisers 

Nitrogen Fertilisers 

Inorganic fertilizers 

Phosphorus Fertiliser

Industrial waste

Municipal sludge 

Inorganic Fertilisers 

Nitrogen fertilizers 

Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer 

Ammonium bicarbonate 

Ammonium sulfate fertilizer 

Ammonium chloride 

Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer 

Sodium nitrate 

Calcium nitrate 

Amide nitrogen fertilizer 

Phosphorus fertilizer 

Contents-cum-Index Water soluble phosphorous fertilizer 

Calcium superphosphate 

Triple superphosphate 

Mixing soluble phosphate fertilizer 

Citrate-soluble phosphatic fertilizer 

Potassium fertilizer 

Muriate of potash 

Potassium sulphate 

Advantages of Fertilisers 

Disadvantages of Fertilisers 

Uses of Fertilisers 

Importance of Fertilizers; 

Chapter 2

How to Start a Fertilizer Manufacturing Business? 

Types of Fertilizers to Start Your Business in Fertilizer Industry  

Fertilizer Market in India  

How to Start a Fertilizer Company?  

Fertilizer Business Investment & Requirements 

Conduct Research 

Create a Business Plan

Legal Process

Company Naming & License 

Find a Suitable Location 

Raw Material Supply for Fertilisers 

Packaging & Distribution 

Promotion of the Fertilisers 

Fertilizer License 

Source for supply of organic fertilizer raw materials 

Where will the Business be Located? 

How to Start Production?  

Production Capacity Planning? 

Plant Layout Designing - Three Designs for Your Reference 

Medium Size Plant

Small Plant with capacity 

Large Plant with capacity: 50,000 tons per year 

Chapter 3

Fertilizer Technology 

Fertilizer Grade 

Fertilizer Specifications 

Terminology and Definitions 

Chapter 4

Market Outlook 

High Commodity Prices Support Demand 

Key Trends in the Market 

Market Analysis  

Market Share by Formulation 

Market Share by product 

Competitive Landscape 

The fertilizer market is segmented into Application, Type and Form 

Key benefits for stakeholders 

Global Fertilizer Market, by Type  

Global Fertilizer Market, by Form 

Global Fertilizer Market, by Application  

Global Fertilizer Market, Regional Insights  

Chapter 5

Chemical Fertilizers 

Introduction  

Major Nutrients (NPK) 

What does N-P-K stand for?  

Diammonium Phosphate 

Urea 

Potash 

Ammonium Sulphate 

Ammonium Chloride

Rock Phosphate 

Super Phosphate 

Complex Fertilizer 

Foliar Application 

Secondary Nutrients 

Foliar Application 

Micro Nutrients  

Zinc Sulphate heptahydrate (21%) 

Zinc Sulphate Monohydrate (35%) 

Zinc, Copper – EDTA 

Zincon™ 

Copper sulphate (24%) 

Manganese Sulphate Monohydrate (33%) 

Ammonium Molybdate (52%)

Sodium Molybdate 

Borax (10.5%) 

Boric Acid (17%) 

Classification of Fertilizers 

Straight Fertilizers 

Types of Straight fertilizer

Compound fertilizer 

Nitrogenous fertilizer 

Ammoniacal fertilizers 

Nitrate Fertilizers 

Ammoniacal and nitrate fertilizers 

Amide fertilizers 

Phosphatic fertilizers 

Potassic fertilizers 

Secondary major-nutrient fertilizers 

Magnesium fertilizers 

Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4) 

Calcium fertilizers 

Sulphate Fertilizers 

Micronutrient Fertilizers 

Characteristics of Nitrogenous Fertilizers 

Fertilizers Containing Water-Soluble Phosphorus Characteristics 

Single superphosphate (SSP)  

Double superphosphate (DSP) 

Triple superphosphate (TSP) 

Fertilizers Containing Citrate-Soluble Phosphorus Characteristics 

Fertilizers Containing Insoluble Phosphorus Characteristics

Potassic fertilizers 

Sulphur Containing Fertilizers 

Fertilizers Containing Sulphate 

Ammonium Sulphate 

Single Superphosphate 

Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate 

Potassium Magnesium Sulphate 

Potassium Sulphate 

Magnesium Sulphate 

Sulphates of Micronutrients 

Gypsum 

Micronutrients Fertilizer 

Sulphate (salts) 

Oxysulphate 

Oxide 

Chelate 

Manure 

Other forms 

Soil and tissue sampling 

Plant tissue sampling guidelines 

Boron (B) 

Chloride (Cl) 

Options for applying Cu under 0-till systems 

Iron (Fe) 

Manganese (Mn) 

Molybdenum (Mo) 

Zinc (Zn) 

Sulphate (Salts) 

Sulphate Ion Formula 

Sulphate Structure 

Properties of Sulphate 

Physical Properties of SO4

Chemical Properties of SO4 

Preparation of Sulphate 

Sulphate Examples 

Chelate 

Nutrient Content of Fertilizers 

Organic Manures 

Inorganic Fertilizers

Compounds providing micronutrients  

Chapter 6

Fertilizer Material 

Commercial fertilizer sources 

Nitrogen Fertilizers 

Anhydrous Ammonium 

Ammonium sulfate 

Ammonium phosphate 

Potassium nitrate

Calcium nitrate 

Urea 

Sulfur-coated urea 

Phosphate 

Rock phosphate (RP) 

Superphosphate 

Ammonium phosphate 

Potassium 

Calcium 

Lime 

Calcium Carbonate 

Dolomite 

Gypsum 

Calcium nitrate 

Superphosphates 

Magnesium

Sulfur 

Micronutrient 

Blends (Mixed Fertilizers) 

Fertilizer Calculations 

Fertilizer Application Calculations 

Nitrogen (N) 

Phosphorus (P) 

Potassium (K) 

Why the difference? 

Organic sources 

Nitrogen 

Animal manure 

Nitrogen Analysis 

Organic Nitrogen 

Unstable organic nitrogen 

Stable organic nitrogen 

Nutrient Composition of Various Types of Animal Manure and Compost (all values are on a fresh weight basis)

Legume /green manure 

Sewage sludge 

Phosphorus 

Animal manure 

Sewage sludge 

Microbial Phosphorus 

Potassium 

Manures 

Sewage sludge 

Sulfur 

Calcium 

Magnesium 

Micronutrients 

Distinctions between manure fertilizers and commercial fertilizers 

Benefits and disadvantages of manure fertilizers 

Benefits 

Disadvantages 

Chapter 7

Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) 

Formula and Structure 

Occurrence 

Preparation 

Physical Properties 

Chemical Properties 

Health Effects/Safety Hazards 

Ammonium Chloride Formula 

Uses 

Medical Uses 

Metal Items 

In the lab 

Used as a Fertilizer 

Chloride and Nitrogen 

Medium-Strength Fertilizer 

Crop Increase 

Disease Prevention 

Handling Ammonium Chloride Safety 

Storage & Disposal 

Preparation 

Production 

Production Method 

Reaction 

Application 

Metalwork 

Medicine 

Food 

In the laboratory 

Flotation 

Batteries 

Other applications 

Chapter 8

Ammonium Phosphate ((NH4)3PO4) 

Ammonium phosphate Structure 

General Properties of Ammonium phosphate – (NH4)3PO4 

Physical Properties of Ammonium phosphate – (NH4)3PO4 

Chemical Properties of Ammonium phosphate - (NH4)3PO4 

Uses 132

How are Ammonium Phosphates Made 

Structure and Formula 

Production 

Occurrence 

Safety Hazards 

Improve Soil Fertility 

Improve Plant Nutrition 

Process Description 

Process Flow Diagram 

Emissions and Controls 

Average Controlled Emission Factors

Chapter 9

Ammonium Sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) 

Ammonium Sulfate Structure 

Chemical Data of Ammonium Sulfate

Preparation of Ammonium Sulfate

Chemical Properties of Ammonium Sulfate 

Uses of Ammonium Sulfate 

Laboratory use 

Food additive 

Other uses 

Preparation 

Production 

Agricultural use 

Management practices 

Non-agricultural uses 

Preparation 

Making ammonium sulfate 

Equipment and materials 

Method 

Reactions 

Typical flow diagram for ammonium sulfate processes. 

Benefits

Applications 

Precautionary statements 

Emissions and Controls 

Chapter 10

Ammonium Sulfate Manufacturing 

Crystallizer (DP Crystallizer/Oslo Crystallizer) 

Structure and Principle 

Features 

Large circulation volume 

Sharp distribution of grain sizes

Crystallizer 

Certainly scale-up 

Applications

Inorganic chemical 

Organic chemical 

Structure and Principle 

Features 

No mechanical crystal breakup 

Applications 

Oslo crystallizer 

Evaporative crystallization: the FC 

Evaporative crystallization: the DTB 

Evaporative crystallization: the OSLO 

Comparison between DTB and OSLO

Ammonium Sulfate Production Methods 

Properties and Applications

Structural features 

Reactions of ammonium sulfate 

Physical and chemical characteristics 

Other names 

Identifiers 

Features and Properties 

Usages 

As agricultural fertilizer 

As a food additive: 

Application of ammonium sulfate in industry: 

Tips for using ammonium sulfate fertilizer in agriculture 

Safety

Packaging 

Maintenance 

Market: Purchase and sale of ammonium sulfate 

Vibrating Fluidized Bed Dryer for Ammonium Sulfate 

Flow Chart of Vibrating Fluid Bed Dryer 

Features Fluid Bed Dryer 

The Principle of Fluidized Bed Dryer 

Related: Challenge Test of Solid Flow Monitor in Fluid Bed Dryer 

Uniformity of Product Quality 

Units and Operations 

Fluid Bed Dryer: Inlet Air Handling Unit (AHU) 

Fluid Bed Dryer: Primary filter (G4 filter) 

Fluid Bed Dryer: Postfilter 

Fluidized Bed Dryer: Dehumidifiers 

Fluidized Bed Dryer: Fan 

Fluidized Bed Dryer: Heating pipes 

Fluidized Bed Dryer: HEPA Filter 

Features 

Applications 

Chapter 11

Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) ((NH4)2 HPO4) 

Diammonium Phosphate Granules 

Product Description 

Flow diagram of DAP production 

Chemical Properties 

Agricultural Use 

Management Practices 

Non Agricultural Uses 

Efficient Use 

Properties 

Applications 

Advantages of DAP Fertilizer

Disadvantages of DAP Fertilizer 

Specification 

Chapter 12

Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) Preparation

Formulation 

Equipment and materials 

Method 

Calculations 

Applications 

Storage & Handling 

Restrictions 

Specification

Chapter 13

DAP Fertilizer Manufacturing  

Granules making machine 

DAP fertilizer production 

Main Process Details 

Figure View of the coating phenomenon

Typical drum granulationdrying circuit 

Modeling 

Fertilizer granulation process 

Compound Fertilizer Granulator 

Solid DAP Fertilizer Crush Machine 

Fertilizer Chain Shredder Features 

Working Process of Chain Fertilizer Crusher 

DAP Fertilizer Mixing Machine 

DAP Fertilizer Crush Machine 

DAP Fertilizer Mixing Machine 

Fertilizer Drying Machine for DAP Fertilizer Production Process 

BB Fertilizer Mixer 

BB Fertilizer Mixer 

Advantages of Rotary Fertilizer Drying Machine 

Hot Blast Furnace 

Performance characteristics 

Working principle 

Chapter 14

Urea – Ammonium Nitrate

Production 

Agricultural use 

Management practices 

Properties 

Chapter 15

Neem Coated Urea 

Introduction 

Production of Neem Coated Urea at NFL 

Benefits 

Greater Yield, Lower Costs, and Improved Soil Health 

Advantage 

Value Addition 

Chapter 16

Urea Fertilizer Process Selection and Economic Aspects

Properties of urea 

Physical properties of urea 

Chemical properties of urea 

Specific heat of urea 

Uses of Urea 

Process Technology 

Process in general 

Processes for the manufacture of urea 

Once-through urea process: 

Once through urea process 

Solution recycle urea process

Internal carbamate recycle urea process 

Snam Progetti (Italy) 

Snamprogetti process 

Stamicarbon (Holland) 

Stamicarbon process

Mitsui Toatsu or Toyo Koatsu process (Japan) 

Brief Plant Description 

Capacity 

Plant History 

Process Technology 

Consumption

Stripper 

Carbamate Condenser 

Urea Manufacturing Process 

HP Ammonia Pumps and Carbomate Pumps Piping 

Process Selection 

The Manufacturing Process 

Conventional Processes 

Once through Process

Stamicarbon CO2–Stripping Process 

Snamprogetti Ammonia and Self-Stripping Processes 

Isobaric Double Recycle Process 

ACES Process 

Chapter 17

Neem Seed Oil Mill Plant 

Machines & Equipment required to Start Neem Oil Mill Plant 

Neem Seed Oil Mill Plant Process 

Neem Seed Oil Mill Plant Process Flowchart 

Neem Seed Decorticator 

Seed Cleaner 

Filter Press with Pump 

Steam Boiler 

Bucket Elevator 

Screw Conveyor 

Control Panel 

Chapter 18

N.P.K. Complex Fertilizers  

Uses 

NPK Complex Fertiliser 

NP-20 (Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate) Fertiliser

NPK Complex Fertiliser 10:26:26 

NPK fertilizer production process 

Raw Materials 

Raw Materials for NPK Fertilizer Granulating Line 

NPK fertilizer granules blending line 

Manufacturing Process of NPK Fertilizer Granulating Line 

Double roller type dry NPK fertilizer granulation line 

NPK Fertilizer Machines for Blending Method 

Bulk Blending Fertilizer Mixer Machine 

Automatic Batching Machine for Blending Fertilizer

Drum Type NPK Fertilizer Granulator for Large Scale Fertilizer Production 

The rotating drum granulation machine 

Rotary Drum Fertilizer Pelletizer 

Pan NPK Fertilizer Granulation Equipment

Dry Type Roller Press Granulating Machine for NPK Fertilizer Granules Making

Batching Equipment for Batching The NPK Fertilizer Powders 

NPK Fertilizer Production Line 

Introduction of 50,000 Tons/year NPK Fertilizer Production Line

Main Components of 50,000 Tons/year NPK Fertilizer Production Line 

NPK Fertilizer Manufacturing Process 

Raw materials batching 

Raw materials mixing and granulation 

Fertilizer granules drying and cooling 

NPK fertilizer granules screening and packaging 

Manufacturing Process 

NPK fertilizer granulating line

NPK compound fertilizer granule automatic packaging machine 

NPK fertilizer blending line 

Fertilizer Batching Equipment 

Fertilizer Mixer for Blending Plant 

Fertilizer Chain Crusher 

Processes after Granulating 

Dry Granulation and Wet Granulation 

Fertilizer mixer 

Fertilizer Chain Crusher 

Dry Granulation and Wet Granulation 

Extrusion Granulation Technology 

Wet Granulation 

Rotary drum granulation technology 

Disc pan granulation technology 

Spray Granulation Technology 

Tower Granulation Technology 

Compound Fertilizers Granulation Process 

NPK Fertilizer Granulation Process 

Granulated SSP (single super phosphate) Making Process 

SSP fertilizer granulation process 

Benefits of SSP granules to crops/plants: 

Chemical properties of SSP

DAP Manufacturing Process 

What are the Requirements for Setting up an NPK Complex Fertilizers Plant? 

Components of NPK Production Line: 

Chapter 19

Potassium Chloride 

Role in plant growth 

Agricultural use 

Production 

Management practices 

Non-agricultural use 

Preparation of Potassium Chloride 

Structure of KCl Molecules 

Structure of Potassium Chloride 

Properties of Potassium Chloride 

Physical Properties 

Chemical Properties 

Uses of Potassium Chloride 

Manufacture 

Potassic fertilizers – manufacturing of KCl, K2SO4 and Schoenite 

Technical data of the plant: 

Potassium in the soil 

Fertilizing Soils with Potassium 

The potassium soil cycle 

The Four Rs of Fertilizer Management 

Right Source 

Right Rate 

Right Timing 

Right Placement 

Potassium Deficiency Symptoms 

Potassium deficiency in a cannabis plant 

Crop Response to Potassium 

Chapter 20

Single Superphosphate (SSP) 

Production 

Agricultural use 

Management practices 

Non-agricultural uses 

Properties of Single Super Phosphate 

Manufacturing 

Raw materials 

Rock Phosphate 

Sulphuric acid 

Blending and grinding of Rock Phosphate 

Superphosphate production 

Granulation 

Storage and Handling 

Uses of Single Super Phosphate 

Agricultural Uses 

Non-agricultural uses 

Price of Single Super Phosphate 

Role of Phosphorus 

Chapter 21

Single Super Phosphate (SSP) Manufacturing Process 

Process Description for S.S.P 

Chemistry of SSP Prodiction 

Major Reaction 

Minor Reactions

Pollution Reaction 

SSP Manufacturing Process 

Ball Mill 

Components of SSP Manufacturing Plant 

Chapter 22

Triple Superphosphate (TSP) 

Production 

Agricultural use 

Management practices 

Non-agricultural uses 

Benefits of Triple Phosphate Fertilizer 

Root Growth 

Enhanced Resilience 

Improved Flowers and Seeds 

Manufacturing Process 

Abundance of Nutrients 

Chapter 23

Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) 

Structure of Zinc Chloride Molecules 

Zinc Chloride Structure 

Zinc Chloride Preparation 

Properties of Zinc Chloride 

Chemical Data 

Physical Properties of Zinc chloride 

Chemical Properties of Zinc chloride 

Uses of Zinc Chloride 

Process 

Process Flow Diagram 

Chapter 24

Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) 

Properties of Zinc Sulfate 

Physical Properties of Zinc Sulfate 

Zinc Sulfate Uses 

Methods of Application 

Benefits 

Zinc Sulphate Plant 

Process Description 

Micronutrients 

Market Outlook: 

Raw Materials: 

Zinc Ash Specifications: 

Manufacturing Process 

Application 

Zinc Sulphate Manufacturing Basics 

Chemical Formula 

Digester 

Rubber Lined Mild Steel Tanks 

Pump 

Filter Press 

Crystallizers 

Chilling Plant 

Chapter 25

Zinc Sulphate Monohydrate  

Producing process 

Benefits 

Equipments 

Acid Storage Tank 

EOT Crane 

Reactors 

Filter Press 

Packaging Specifications 

Chapter 26

Magnesium Sulfate 

Properties of Magnesium sulfate – MgSO4 

Structure of MgSO4 Molecules 

Uses of Magnesium Sulfate

Health Hazards Associated with MgSO4 

Chemical and physical properties 

Features 

Magnesium needs

Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate (Epsom Salts) Agri Grade

Properties: 

Specification: 

Application 

Magnesium Sulfate Monohydrate (Epsom Salts) 

Properties 

Specification: 

Application 

Features of powder products 

Magnesium Sulfate Anhydrous (Epsom Salts) 

Properties 

Application 

Production of magnesium sulphate using brines 

Chemical formula 

Production process of the plant 

Equipment for the production process 

Production process of the proposed plant 

Equipment flow of the proposed plant 

Hydrates 

Heptahydrate 

Monohydrate 

Undecahydrate 

Enneahydrate 

Natural occurrence 

Preparation 

Physical properties 

Uses 

Medical 

Agriculture 

Food preparation 

Chemistry 

Construction 

Aquaria 

Double salts 

Role of Magnesium in Crops 

Symptoms of magnesium deficiency 

Magnesium Deficiency Symptoms 

The role of magnesium in the soil 

Magnesium in the soil 

Generalized soil magnesium cycle representing Mg in the soil and where Mg may be applied or removed on an annual basis 

Relationship of Magnesium to Calcium in Soils

Magnesium Sulphate Manufacturing

Manufacturing Process 

Step - 1 Reaction

Step - 2 :- Filtration Through Filter Press 

Step - 3 Crystallization 

Step - 4 Centrifugation 

Raw Material Specification 

Benefits 

Market Outlook 

Key Players: 

Magnesium Sulphate Plant 

Chapter 27

Liquid Fertilizer Production (Liquefaction) 

Liquid fertilizer facility 

Example of liquification facility infrastructure 

Complex Fertilizers 

Colloidal Clay 

Bentonite 

Liquid Lawn Fertilizer vs. Granular 

Granular fertilizer 

Granular fertilizer 

The Benefits of Granular Fertilizer 

The Disadvantages of Granular Fertilizer 

How to apply granular fertilizer 

Liquid fertilizer

Benefits of Liquid Fertilizer 

Liquid Fertilizer 

The Disadvantages of Liquid Fertilizer 

How to apply liquid fertilizer 

Types of Liquid Fertilizer 

Liquid Fertilizer 

Nitrogenous fertilizers 

Nitrate Fertilizers 

Amide fertilizers 

Water-Soluble Fertilizer 

Liquid Concentrate 

Ready-To-Use 

How Does Liquid Fertilizer Work? 

However, there is a tradeoff

The Benefits of Liquid Fertilizer 

Apply Liquid Fertilizer 

Different Types of Formulas

Chapter 28

Organic Fertilizer

Concept and Definition of Organic Fertilizer

Source of Organic Fertilizers 

Importance of Organic Fertilizer 

Role of Organic Fertilizer for Agriculture 

Types of Organic Fertilizers 

Chicken Litter 

Benefits of Organic Fertilizers 

Animal-Based Fertilizers 

Bone Meal 

Blood meal 

Animal Manure 

Fish meal 

Fish Emulsion 

Shellfish 

Plant-Based Fertilizers 

Mineral Fertilizers 

Chapter 29

Manure Production 

Introduction 

Factors That Affect Manure

Composition

Water Consumption 

In-Barn Water Use 

Livestock Bedding 

In-Barn Drying Systems 

Weather 

Manure Storage Design 

Microbial Decomposition and other Nutrient and Moisture Transformations 

Settling of Solids – Liquid Pig Manure 

Manure Sampling and Analysis 

General Guidelines for Sampling Manure 

Sampling Well Agitated Liquid Manure

Sampling Partially Agitated Liquid Manure 

Sampling Manure from Multi-Celled Systems 

Sampling Solid Manure 

Laboratory Analyses for Manure 

Rapid In-Field Testing of Liquid Manure 

Moisture and Dry Matter Content 

Nitrogen 

Carbon to Nitrogen Ratios and Nitrogen Availability from Manure 

Distribution of C:N ratios for 93 manure samples collected from beef cattle farms

Phosphorus Forms in Manure 

C:N Ratio of Solid Beef Manure 

Potassium 

Sulphur 

Micronutrients and Other Trace Elements in Manure 

Salts in Manure 

Mean, median, maximum and minimum Sodium Adsorption Ratios for liquid pig manures

By-Products of Manure Treatment 

Composting

Solid-Liquid Separation 

Distribution of total P in liquid pig manure by particle size 

Centrifuge 

Rotary Press 

VP Systems Air Floatation and Belt Filter Press 

Gravity Separation 

Anaerobic Digestion 

Chapter 30

Classification of Manure 

Concept of terms ‘Manure’ and ‘Fertilizer’ 

Definition of Manure and Fertilizer 

Definition of Fertilizer 

Manures 

Nitrogenous fertilizers 

Phosphatic fertilizers 

Definition of Amendments 

Amendments or soil conditioners 

Benefits of Manuring 

Classification of Manures and Fertilizers 

Classification-I 

Farm Manure 

Chemical Fertilizer 

Classification-II 

Complete Manure 

Incomplete Manure 

Classification-III 

General Manures 

Specific Manure 

Classification-IV 

Vegetable Manure 

Animal Manure 

Mineral manure 

Classification-VI 

Organic Manure 

Inorganic Manures 

Classification-VI 

Bulky organic manures 

Difference between Organic Manures and Chemical Fertilizers 

Farmyard Manure 

Compost 

Sheep and Goat Manure 

Poultry Manure 

Availability of nutrients in chicken manure 

Concentrated Organic Manures 

Concentrated Organic Manure - Types 

Oil Cakes 

Fish Meal 

Bone Meal 

Concentrated Organic Manures - Benefits 

Concentrated Organic Manures-Disadvantages 

Chapter 31

Crop Nutrient Production 

Plant Nutrients 

Nutrients Plants Require for Growth 

Macronutrients 

Micronutrients 

Most Important Crop Nutrients 

Plant nutrients in the soil 

Major elements 

Nitrogen (N) 

Phosphorus (P) 

Potassium (K) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (Mg) 

Sulfur (S) 

Importance of Crop Nutrition Management 

Nutrient management 

Nutrient management planning 

Chapter 32

ISO Standards for Fertilizer 

Introduction 

Scope

Normative references 

Terms and definitions 

Ccompound fertilizer 

Primary nutrient 

Total primary nutrient 

Available phosphorus 

Marking 

Label 

Chapter 33

Fertilizer Standards List 

Specifications of Fertilizers

Chapter 34

Factory Layout and Process Flow Chart and Diagrams 

Market research 

Register Your Business and Obtain Your Business Permit and Operating License

Location of fertilizer manufacture 

Manufacturing technology 

Choose a proper bio fertilizer production line 

Process Description for Urea Production 

Fertilizer facility layout 

Process flow diagram of urea synthesis section 

Flow Diagram of Urea Production Process from Ammonia and Carbondioxide 

Urea Production from NH3 and CO2 

Description of flow sheet 

Biuret Formation 

Process Water Treatment 

Reactor effluent: 

H.P. Stripper: 

Urea purification 

Prevention of explosion hazard by gases vented to the atmosphere: 

Purification and recovery stage at 4.5 kg/cm2 

L.P. Decomposer (LPD) 

Purification and recovery 

Vacuum pre-concentrator 

Urea concentration 

Urea Purification at M.P. Decomposer 

Flow chart of the organic fertilizer processing operations 

M.P. Absorber 

Marketing and promoting 

Chapter 35

Plant Economics of Ammonium Nitrate 

Introduction 

Sequences in ammonium nitrate manufacture 

Processes of ammonium nitrate 

Ammonium Nitrate Prills 

The process for producing ammonium nitrate 

Technical aspects for ammonium nitrate 

Neutralisation 

Neutralisers 

Steam purification 

Droplet separation techniques 

Scrubbing devices 

Condensate treatment 

Evaporation 

Prilling and Granulation 

Prilling 

Granulation 

Emissions into air from prilling and granulation plants 

Cooling 

Conditioning 

Other Losses 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 36

Plant Economics of Ammonium Sulphate Plant 

Introduction 

Manufacturing process of ammonium sulphate 

Kcal 

Detailed Process of ammonium sulphate from ammonia and sulphuric acid 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 37

Plant Economics of Biofertilizer 

Introduction 

Commercial production of bioferilizer 

Details for production of biofertilizer 

Criteria for Strain Selection 

Steps for Preparing Bio-Fertilizer 

Seed Pelleting 

Inoculant Carriers 

Quality Standards for Inoculants 

Mass Production of Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers 

Azolla Anabaena 

Mass Cultivation of Azolla 

Azolla-Anobaena Symbiosis: Azolla, a water ferm 

Manufacturing process steps of bio-fertilizer 

Preparation of Mother or Starter Culture 

Preparation of Broth Culture 

Production of Final Product in Fermenter 

Steps in biofertilizer production 

Filling & Packaging 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 38

Plant Economics of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) 

Introduction 

Manufacturing process of diammonum phosphate 

Manufacturing process of diammonium phosphate from rock phosphate 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 39

Plant Economics of NPK Fertilizer

Introduction 

Technologies for NPK Fertilizer 

Processing of raw materials 

Granulation techniques 

Drum granulation with ammonization 

Mixed acid process with phosphate rock digestion 

Production Processes 

Manufacturing Process Steps 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Process Flow 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 40

Plant Economics of NPKS Mix Fertilizer 

Introduction 

NPK Mixed fertilizer and their grade 

Process outline for npks mix fertilizer 

Process for manufacturing npks mixed fertilizer 

Steam/water granulation 

Fertilizer granulation plant 

Chemical granulation 

Drop formation (Prilling) 

Compaction granulation 

Typical NPK Fertilizer Compaction 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 41

Plant Economics of Single Super Phosphate & Sulphuric Acid 

Sulphuric Acid 

Phosphatic Fertilizers 

Single Superpohsphate 

Sulphuric acid – Product Introduction 

Process of manufacture 

Jcyclone Separator 

Waste Treatment 

Manufacturing of sulphuric acid by contact process 

Method of producing concentrated phosphoric acid compounds from phosphate rock

Process of producing phosphates and phosphoric acid 

Process for producing granular basic phosphate fertilizer

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 42

Plant Economics of Urea Fertilizer Plant 

Introduction 

Process description of urea

Process description of urea 

The urea manufacturing process 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 43

Plant Economics of Zinc Sulphate Monohydrate 

Introduction 

Process for the Manufacture of Zinc Sulphate 

Composition of Zinc Ash: 

Metallic impurities like Pb. cd, Cu, Ni, Co. Al, etc. 

Manufacturing process of zinc sulphate monohydrate (powder) (33%) 

Reaction 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum