Technology Hand Book on Hospital Disposable Products (Medical, Surgical, Blood Collection Tube, Latex Gloves, I.V. Cannula, Gowns, Face Mask, Catheter, Cotton Bandage, Syringes and Needles)

Welcome to the "Technology Handbook on Hospital Disposable Products," a comprehensive guide that delves into the intricacies of medical and surgical disposable items. In an ever-evolving field where precision, quality, and safety are paramount, this book serves as an invaluable resource for anyone involved in the production, distribution, or utilization of these essential products. Whether you're a healthcare professional, a manufacturer, or simply a curious reader seeking to expand your knowledge, this handbook is designed to be your go-to reference.

A Journey Through the World of Medical Disposables

The world of medical disposables is vast and multifaceted, encompassing a wide range of products crucial to patient care and medical procedures. Our book opens the door to this dynamic landscape, guiding you through various aspects of disposable medical devices. With chapters that cover everything from the inception of these products to their manufacturing processes and the rigorous quality standards they must meet, we provide an extensive overview of the industry.

Understanding the Essentials

Our journey commences with a foundational understanding. The book offers an introduction to the world of disposable medical products, setting the stage for more in-depth exploration. We delve into topics like CE marking, a critical aspect that demonstrates the conformity of these products to European health, safety, and environmental protection standards.

The Importance of Cleanroom Technology

Cleanroom technology is a crucial element in the manufacturing process of medical disposables. We explore this essential component, which ensures that these products remain free from contaminants and meet the highest hygiene standards.

Packaging Matters

Packaging might seem mundane, but in the world of medical disposables, it plays a pivotal role in preserving the integrity of these products. Our book sheds light on the intricacies of medical device packaging, emphasizing the need for security, sterilization, and user-friendliness.

Diving into Specifics

The heart of this handbook lies in the detailed exploration of various hospital disposable products. We examine blood bags, plastic gloves, masks, catheters, surgical gowns, and much more. Our chapters provide insights into the production processes, quality control, and industry standards associated with each of these items.

Economic Perspectives

To provide a well-rounded view of the industry, this book includes sections on the economic aspects of medical disposables. You'll find comprehensive analyses of the plant economics of different products, including blood bags, syringes, gloves, IV fluid solutions, and more. These insights are not only valuable for manufacturers but also for investors and entrepreneurs looking to venture into this field.

"Technology Handbook on Hospital Disposable Products" is an extensive reference that caters to a broad spectrum of readers. Whether you're a medical professional seeking to enhance your understanding of the tools you use daily or an industry insider looking for economic perspectives, this book has something to offer. We've strived to create a resource that is both informative and accessible, bridging the gap between technical knowledge and practical application.

We invite you to explore the world of hospital disposable products with us, to gain a deeper understanding of the innovations and technologies that drive this industry forward. As you turn the pages of this handbook, we hope you find the information within both enlightening and inspiring, whether you are a student, a professional, or simply someone with a curious mind. Together, we will journey through the intricate world of hospital disposable products, where innovation meets necessity, and science meets compassion.

The book covers various aspects concerned with the disposable medical devices and presents an overview of the processes involved with their machineries and specifications. Hand Book on Medical and Surgical Disposable Products (Blood Bags, Plastic Gloves, I.V. Cannula, Infusion Set, Gowns, Masks, Catheter, Cotton and Bandage, Surgical Wear, Syringes) contains chapters on Introduction, CE Marking, Cleanroom Technology, Medical Device Packaging, Disposable Blood Bags, Disposable Plastic Gloves, Disposable Masks, Disposable Surgical Catheters, Disposable Surgical Wear (Surgical Gowns, Bed Sheets, Pillow Cover, Caps), Disposable Plastic Syringes, Intra-venous (I.V.) Cannula, Infusion Set and Blood Transfusion Set, Surgical Cotton and Bandages, Plant Economics of Active Pharma Ingredients (API) [Azithromycin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Pregablin, Naproxen, Ketoprofen], Plant Economics of Disposable Blood Bags, Plant Economics of Disposable Plastic Syringe, Plant Economics of Isopropyl Alcohol (Medical Alcohol), Plant Economics of IV Fluid Solutions Manufacturing Plant Limited to 0.9% Normal Saline, Sterile Water and Dextrose Solutions, Plant Economics of PP Non-Woven 3 Ply Mask, Surgeon Cap and Shoe Cover, Plant Economics of Sterilization & Packaging Unit of Latex Gloves, Plant Economics of Surgical & NBR Gloves Manufacturing Unit, Plant Economics of Surgical and Non-woven Disposable Products like Syringes, Buffant Caps, Face Mask, Caps, Surgical Gown, Drape, Apron, Shoe Cover etc., Plant Economics of Surgical Cotton and Adhesive Bandage, Plant Economics of Syringe and Catheter, Plant Economics of Vacuum Blood Collection Tube, Plant Economics of Vinyl Gloves.

Chapter 1

Introduction 

Medical Device Manufacturing: A Primer

Design, Prototyping and Product Development

Design and developing 

Prototyping products 

Conforming to International Standards

Prototype fields of research

Pilot Medical Device Manufacturing

Cell Manufacturing 

Medical Device Component Creation

3D Printing 

Welding 

Medical Device Software Development 

Quality Control

Packaging 

Manufacturing medical devices 

Importance of Testing 

Contents-cum-Index

Chapter 2

CE Marking  

Meaning of ‘CE’ 

Meaning of CE Marking 

How to obtain CE marking? 

Medical devices

Regulatory context 

Classification and choosing the Conformity Assessment Route 

Preparing for the assessment procedure – the technical file 

Conformity Assessment routes 

Final steps to CE mark 

Exemptions from CE marking 

Active Implantable Medical Devices 

In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices 

Competent Authority 

Notified Body 

Guide to CE Marking 

Reproduce the CE marking 

Steps for Class I Medical Devices Compliance 

Conformity Assessment Procedures 

Chapter 3

Cleanroom Technology 

Introduction 

Humans in Cleanrooms

Contamination Process 

Common Cleanroom Contaminants 

Best Practices for Entrance Rooms, Garment Rooms, Ante-rooms 

Hand Washing Best Practices for Cleanrooms 

How to Wash Hands with Soap & Water in a Cleanroom 

Sterile Gloving Technique for Cleanrooms 

Cleanroom Gloves 

Best Practices for Donning Cleanrooms Gloves

Cleanroom Gowning Procedure & Protocol 

Cleanroom Gowning Procedure Checklist 

Gowning Order Variations 

Sources of Contamination 

Key Elements of Contamination Control 

List of Some of Equipment and Supplies Needed to Clean the Cleanroom 

Cleanroom Apparel 

Cleanroom Cleaning Supplies 

Cleanroom Documentation 

Cleanroom Equipment 

Cleanroom Air Showers 

Containment Hoods 

DI Water Spray Guns 

UV Disinfection Equipment 

Dessicator Cabinets 

Equipment For Cleanrooms and Labs 

Classification of Cleanrooms 

According to ISO 14644-1 

According to FS 209 

According to the EU GMP 

Particle Size Range 

ISO 5/Grade A 

ISO 6/Grade B 

ISO 7/Grade C 

ISO 8/Grade D 

Conventionally Ventilated Cleanrooms 

Unidirectional Airflow Cleanrooms 

Mixed Flow Cleanrooms 

Isolator or Mini environment 

Mixed air flow 

Mini-Environments 

Federal 209e Standards 

USP Standards 

ASTM International Standards 

GMP & CGMP Regulations 

Cleanroom Garment System

Cleanroom garment fabrics 

Cleanroom garment attributes 

The balance between comfort and filtration efficiency 

Patient safety versus comfort of the personnel 

Cleanroom garments in GMP operations 

Quality Risk Management 

Quality Risk Management Cleanroom garments 

Cleanroom use and cleanroom garments in the future 

Testing cleanroom garments 

Cleanliness of fabric and (or) garment 

Effect of the Garment Design on Dispersion

Comparison of Clothing made from Different Fabrics

Disposable Cleanroom Suit Fabric Types 

Spun-bonded or Thermal Bond Fabric 

Flash-Spun Fabric 

Melt-Blown Fabric 

Spun-bonded/Melt-Blown/Spun-bonded (SMS) Fabric 

Film Laminate Fabric 

Microporous Film Laminate Fabric 

General Cleanroom Regulations 

Layout of Cleanroom Suite 

Cleaning Methods and the Physics of Cleaning Surfaces 

Cleaning Methods with Respect to Area Type 

Understanding cleaning and disinfection 

Cleaning Method of Cleaning Surfaces 

Selecting the most appropriate agents

Understanding types of disinfectants 

Validating disinfectants 

Factors which affect disinfectant efficacy 

Cleaning materials 

Cleaning techniques 

Monitoring cleaning and disinfection efficiency 

Cleaning Methods with Respect to Area Type 

Choice of Materials 

Flooring options  

Locating viewing panels 

Choose easy-to-clean doors 

Test Methods 

ISO Class 1-8 

Furniture 

Cleanroom Chairs 

Cleanroom Tables 

Gowning Benches & Racks 

General Cleanroom Furniture Considerations 

Specifications 

Hygiene 

Resilience 

Final Thoughts 

General Cleanroom Regulations 

Personal Actions Typically Prohibited in Cleanrooms 

Chapter 4

Medical Device Packaging 

Packaging 

Packaging Design Controls 

User Preference 

Understanding User Requirements 

Packaging Material 

Paper 

Tyvek® 

Aluminum 

Plastic

Adhesives & coatings 

Inks

Package Validation 

Validation Testing 

Where to Look When a Failure Occurs 

Integrity Validation Failures 

Dye Migration Test tests packaging seals for weakness

Strength Validation Failures 

Microbial Validation Failures 

Procurement, Acceptance and Storage 

Analyze prices 

Purchase timing  

Assess suppliers  

Sourcing process 

Packaging Process 

Package design considerations 

Sterilization options 

Package testing requirements 

Validation processes 

Product Specification: Pouch 

Header Bag (Specification Form)

Header Bag 

Mandatory Label Information 

Label Integrity 

Receipt and inspection 

Area Separation and Inspection 

Storage 

Label Check and Record 

Changes 

Relabeling and Overlabeling 

Control Number 

Product Identity Declaration 

Net quantity declaration 

Dealer name and place of business (dealer identification)

Language

Location 

Type face 

Type height 

Imported goods

Bulk imports 

Country of origin marking

Net Quantity Declaration 

Manner of declaring 

Location and manner of presentation

Type face

Type height 

Minimum type heights

Units 

Units of measurement

Choice of units 

Precision of number

Exemptions 

Dealer's name and principal place of business 

Definition 

Language  

Location 

Type face 

Type height  

Imported goods 

Other 

General exemptions 

Bilingual labelling 

Exemption from the detailed labeling requirements 

Different Stages of Packaging 

Primary Packaging 

Secondary Packaging 

Tertiary Packaging 

Chevron pouches for medical devices 

Corner peel pouch 

Tear pouches 

Header bags 

Chevron header pouches 

Lidded thermoformed trays 

Lidded rigid trays 

Lidded flexible trays 

Die Cut Backer Cards 

Recycling 

Benefits of Using a Backer Card 

Folding Cartons 

Corrugated Shipping Containers 

Packaging Standards 

Packaging for Terminally Sterilized Medical Devices 

ASTM International Standards 

ASTM D Standards 

Standard Test Method for Detecting Seal Leaks in Porous Medical Packaging by Dye Penetration 

Current Good Manufacturing Guidelines for Finished Pharmaceutical Goods 

Guidelines 

Materials examination and usage criteria

Labeling issuance 

Packaging and labeling operations 

Drug product inspection 

Expiration dating 

Chapter 5

Disposable Blood Bags 

Introduction

Flexible PVC Blood Bags 

Properties of Disposable Blood Bags 

Raw Material 

Plant & Machinery  

Quality of the Raw Materials 

Neural surface 

No damage when bent to a small radius 

Heat resistance, so can steam sterilise prior to use

Must not burst in the centrifuge, or tear on handling 

Permeable to oxygen, but not too permeable to water 

Moderate cost 

Processing and welding 

Assessment 

Manufacturing Process 

Raw Material Required 

Blood Bag Manufacturing Flow Chart 

Blood making/Forming mchine 

Chapter 6

Disposable Plastic Gloves 

Latex Gloves 

Nitrile Gloves 

Vinyl Gloves 

Ansell gloves for cleanroom

Types of disposable gloves

Properties 154

Glove Selection 

Raw Materials 

Uses of Disposable Gloves

Medical Usage 

Food Service Usage 

Industrial Usage

Home Use 

Machine and Equipment Required 

Manufacturing Process 

Further Process 

Latex disposable gloves Production Unit Setup & Machinery 

Production Process & Technology 

Glove Manufacturing Machines 

Flow chart of production line 

Flow chart of production 

Addressesof Machinery & Equipments Suppliers: 

Computer Control Glove Making Machine 

Non-Woven Glove Sewing Machine 

Addresses of Raw Material Suppliers 

Chapter 7

Disposable Masks

Introduction

Technical aspects 

Manufacturing of Surgical masks 

The formal production process of medical masks 

Be secured with ties or ear loops 

Uses & Applications 

Cover the nose and below the chin 

Fit snuggly but comfortably against the side of the face 

Include multiple layers of fabric 

Allow for breathing without restriction 

N95 respirators 

Properties

Surgical mask 

Manufacturing Process of Disposable Surgical Masks

The formal production process of medical masks 

Combine three layers of non-woven fabric 

Stitch the metal wire fixed by the nose clip into the laminated three-layer nonwoven fabric 

Folding mask

Disinfection 

Equipment required for medical masks 

Sterilization 

Biocontainment 

Sterilizing Masks with Vapor 

Microwave Generated Steam (MGS) 

MGS Disinfection Setup 

Warm Moist Heat (WMH) 

UVGI 

WMH Disinfection Setup

General Implementation

Mask Making Machines

Mask Making Machine 

Flow Diagram for Disposable Surgical Mask 

Fully automatic N 95 Face Maskmaking Machine 

Surgical Mask Sewing Machine

Mask Blank Machine 

Addresses of Machinery & Equipment Suppliers 

Address of Raw Material Suppliers: 

Chapter 8

Disposable Surgical Catheters

Introduction

Properties and materials

Uses 

Common Features of Central Venous Catheter (CVC) 

Manufacturing Process of Catheters

A Foley catheter

Raw Materials

Design 

Quality Control 

Byproducts/Waste 

Example of indwelling catheters 

Process Flow Diagram of Catheter 

Process flow of manufacturing catheters

Catheter Production Equipments 

Hole Punching, Drilling and Cutting Services 

Catheter Lamination 

Identification & Surface Attribute Services 

Catheter tip-forming methods 

Plant & Machinery Supplie 

Chapter 9

Disposable Surgical Wear (Surgical Gowns, Bed Sheets, Pillow Cover, Caps)

Introduction 

Bed sheet 

Pillow cover 

General Construction for Disposable Gowns 

Front and back of a surgical gown 

Sizing Analysis of Disposable Gowns 

Standards for Gowns 

U.S. Standard of Gowns 

EU Standard of Gowns 

Products: Description 

Raw Material of Medical Supplies 

Classification of Nonwoven Fabrics-According To the Production Process

Heat Sealing Non-woven 

Pulp Airlaid Non-woven 

Wet Non-woven Fabric 

Spunbond Non-woven 

Meltblown Non-woven 

Needle Punched Nonwoven 

Stitching Non-woven 

Hydrophilic Non-woven 

CPE Shoe Covers 

Face Masks 

Non Woven Face Mask 

Advantages 

Disadvantages 

Dust Mask 

Description of Surgeon Gowns 

Description of Patient Gown 

Description of Surgeon Suits

Raw Material 

Protective Materials 

Spun Bond Polypropylene 

Steps in spun bonding process 

SMMS 

DuPont T Isolation Wear T Medical Fabrics 

Coated Polypropylene 

Breathable Laminate 

Characteristics 

Laminate for dental drapes 

Manufacturing Process 

Manufacturing Process Flow Chart 

Machinery Images & Details 

Surgical Gown Sewing Machine 

Machine Functions 

Machine Characteristics 

Machine Advantage 

Machine Parts Name 

Non-Woven Gown making Machine 

Disposable Surgical Cap Making Machine 

Surgical Disposable Products 

Surgical Gowns Disposable Apron 

Plant & Machinery Suppliers 

Chapter 10

Disposable Plastic Syringes 

Introduction 

Uses 

Necessity of Disposable Syringes 

Parts of a Disposable Syringe 

Disposable syringe and needle (parts labelled) 

Raw Material Used for Manufacturing Disposable Syringes 

Sterility

Packing 

Primary packaging 

Labelling on the primary packaging 

Secondary packaging 

Process of Manufacture 

Quality Control 

Machinery Images 

Full Automatic Disposable Medical Plastic Syringe Plunger Barrel and Needle Making Injection Molding Machine 

Syringe Plunger Moulds 

Disposable Syringe Packaging Machine 

Storage of Sterilized Articles 

Test for Detection of Aerobic and Anaerobic Organism Media 

Medium for Anaerobic Organism 

Nonselective media used in anaerobic bacteriology 

Selective and differential media used in anaerobic bacteriology 

Addresses of Machinery and Equipment Suppliers 

Addresses of Raw Material Suppliers 

Chapter 11

Intra-venous (I.V.) Cannula

Introduction 

Types of IV Cannulas and Their Uses 

Uses and Application 

Nasal cannula 

Application of Cannula 

Veterinary Usage of the Cannula 

Aesthetic medicine and anti-ageing 

Body piercing 

Non-medical use 

Nasal Cannula (Oral nasal cannula) 

Butterfly Needle 

Application of Butterfly Needle 

Butterfly Needle and cannula 

Venipuncture 

IV hydration 

Medication 

Raw Material 

Polymers Used in Plastic Moulding 

Nylon Applications, Grades, and Brands 

Polycarbonate (PC) 

Polyethyelene (PE) 

Polyamides and PA Properties 

Polyethylene Properties 

LDPE Properties 

Polypropylene 

Properties of Polypropylene 

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Properties 

Properties of PVC 

Medical Grade Plastic 

Manufacturing Process of IV Cannula 

IV Cannula manufacturer & about the product 

IV Cannula process 

Theory of the in-line screw type injection molding machine 

Manufacturing Process of IV Cannula 

Plastic Moulding 

Plastic Moulding Techniques 

The Plastic Molding Processes 

Injection Molding 

Blow Molding 

Compression Molding 

Film Insert Molding 

Gas Assist Molding 

Rotational Molding 

Preparing the Mould 

Heating and Fusion 

Cooling the Mould 

Unloading/Demoulding 

Structural Foam Molding 

Thermoforming 

Plastic Injection Moulding 

Preparing the Mould 

Injection of Polymer Melt Into the Mould 

Cooling the Mould 

Unloading/Demoulding 

The Blow Moulding Process 

Injection Blow Moulding 

Extrusion Blow Moulding 

Stretch Blow Moulding 

The Compression Moulding Process 

Plastic Extrusions 

Manufacturing Process Assembly Line 

Needle 

Needle Hub

Needle cover 

Catheter 

Wings (DS101 & DS105) 

Injection Port (DS101 only) 

Catheter Material as per USP standards Class VI 

USP Class VI and Biocompatible Rubber 

Process Description of the Assembly Line 

Importance of Assemble Line 

Semi Automatic Body Assembly/Wing Assembly Machine 

Product Description 

Semi Automatic Tip Forming Machine 

Automatic Silicon Tube Cutting Machine 

Automatic Luer Lock & Flash Back Chamber Assembly Machine 

Automatic Needle Assembly Machine 

Automatic Catheter Cutting Machine 

Automatic Blister Packing Machine 

Cannula Assembly Machine 

Body Assembly Machine 

Chapter 12

Infusion Set and Blood Transfusion Set

Introduction 

Features of Blood Transfusion Set 

Before the procedure 

During the procedure 

After the procedure 

Blood Transfusion Process Protocol 

Blood Transfusion Steps 

Initiating the Blood Transfusion

During the Transfusion 

After the Transfusion 

Blood Transfusion Recovery 

Product Description 

Blood Administration Set 

Disposable Infusion Set 

Disposable Blood Giving Set 

Disposable Blood Giving Set 

Micro Flo Air Micro Drip Set 

Micro Flo Eco Micro Drip Set 

Micro Flo Air Micro Drip Set 

Blood Transfusion Set-Sus (Double Chamber) 

Blood Transfusion Set Haemodrip (Double Chamber) 

Blood Transfusion Set Haemodrip (Double Chamber) 

Blood Transfusion Set-Easy (Single Chamber) 

Blood Donor Set 

Blood Transfusion Set-Easy (Single Chamber) 

Infusion & Transfusion 

Scalp Vein Set 

Scalp Vein Set 

Blood Donor Set 

Measured Volume Set (Paedia Drip) 

I.V. Cannula (With wing & wing Injection port) & (Without wing & without Injection Port) 

Measured Volume Set (Paedia Drip) 

A.V. fistula needle 

Peritoneal Dialysis Transfusion Set 

A.V. fistula needle 

Manufacturing Process 

Plastic Injection Moulding 

Preparing the Mold 

Injection of Polymer Melt into the Mould 

Cooling the Mould 

Unloading /Demoulding 

Blow Moulding 

Common Uses for Blow Moulding 

Injection Moulding 

Common Uses for Injection Moulding 

Extrusion Blow Moulding 

Steps of EBM process 

Stretch Blow Moulding 

The Compression Moulding Process 

Compression Moulding Basics 

Advantages of Compression

Moulding 

Plastic Extrusions 

Assembly Processes 

Process Flow Diagram 

Description of Machinery 

Tubing Cutter 

Pneumatic Angled Tube Cutter 

Tubing Cutter – Pneumatic Operated 

Molded Tubing – Cutting Machine 

Vibratory Bowl Feeders for Hose Assembly Machine 

Chapter 13

Surgical Cotton and Bandages

Introduction 

Properties 

Surgical Bandage

Surgical Cotton 

Different types of bandage 

Crepe bandages 

Conforming bandages 

Cohesive bandages 

Open wove bandages 

Plaster of paris 

Uses 

Raw material requirements 

Surgical cotton Manufacturing Process 

Flow Sheet for the Manufacture of Surgical Cotton 

Process of Manufacture of Surgical Cotton 

Process of Manufacture for Bandage 

Chapter 14

Plant Economics of Active Pharma Ingredients (API) [Azithromycin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Pregablin, Naproxen, Ketoprofen] 

Introduction 

Alpha-lipoic acid 

Azithromycin 

Ketoprofen 

Pregabalin 

Chemistry and Manufacturers of API 

Chemistry 

Manufacturers  

Carbidopa API 

Diltiazem 

Azithromycin API 

Active Pharma Ingredients 

Manufacturing Process of Azithromycin 

Chemical Reaction 

Manufacturing process of pregabalin 

Manufacturing process of naproxen 

Manufacturing process of alpha lipoic acid 

Manufacturing process of ketoprofen 

Other process of api manufacture 

Manufacturing Process of m-Bromo Anisole 

Reaction 

Manufacturing process of ethyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide (batch 135 kg)

Manufacturing process of Cinnamylaldehyde (batch 560 kg)

Manufacturing process of mphenoxy benzyl alcohol (batch 175 kg) 

Manufacturing of benzyl alcohol batch-187 kgs 

Manufacturing process of alprazolam 

Manufacturing process of methylphenidate 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Raw Materials 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 15

Plant Economics of Disposable Blood Bags  

Introduction

Types of Blood Bags 

Pproperties of raw materials 

P.V.C. (Poly Vinyl Chloride) 

Polycarbonate 

Polypropylene 

Anticoagulants for Blood 

Raw Material 

Location 

Major steps for blood bags manufacturing system

Sequences in blood bags manufacture 

Manufacturing process of blood bags 

Drying & Aluminium foils Packaging 

Process Flow Diagram 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 16

Plant Economics of Disposable Plastic Syringe 

Introduction 

Parts of Syringes

Syringes and Needles 

Needles 

Types of syringes 

Types of hypodermic needles 

Bevel 

Gauge 

Common Gauges 

Disposal or Reusable 

Raw material & machinery used 

Raw Material Used 

Machinery & Equipments 

Process Flow Chart 

Manufacturing process 

List of raw material 

Manufacturing Process and Source of Technology 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Raw Materials 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 17

Plant Economics of Isopropyl Alcohol (Medical Alcohol) 

Introduction 

Production of isopropanol 

Production of Isopropyl Alcohol 

Indirect Hydration of Propylene 

Direct Hydration of Propylene 

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetone 

The versalis/lummus technology of isopropanol 

Manufacturing process of isopropyl alcohol from acetone 

Reaction 

Cap: 50,000 Ton/Annum 

Different processes for isopropyl alcohol manufacturing

Process Flow Diagram 

Indirect hydration 

Direct hydration 

Hydrogenation of acetone 

Catalytic Distillation 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 18

Plant Economics of IV Fluid Solutions Manufacturing Plant Limited to 0.9% Normal Saline, Sterile Water and Dextrose Solutions

Introduction 

Types of IV Fluid 

Commonly used IV Fluids 

Normal Saline 

Half Normal Saline 

Lactated Ringers 

Dextrose

Dextrose in Lactated Ringers 

How Intravenous Fluids are created 

Manufacturing Process of I.V. Fluid (FFS Technology)

Process Flow Diagram 

Form Fill Seal Technology 

Form-Fill-Seal Technology  

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 19

Plant Economics of PP Non-Woven 3 Ply Mask, Surgeon Cap and Shoe Cover 

Introduction 

Surgical Mask 

Raw materials of flat mask

Non Woven Cap 

Disposable shoe cover 

Types of PPE 

Classification of mask 

Benefits 

Wearing Face Mask 

Benefits of homemade face masks 

Surgical masks 

N95 respirators 

Wearing Surgical Cap 

Wearing Shoe Covers 

Manufacturing process of non woven disposables 

Surgical Aprons 

Non woven spun 

Non Woven Spun Waterproof 

Adhesive 

Sterlization 

Infective cases 

Face Mask 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Raw Materials 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 20

Plant Economics of Sterilization & Packaging Unit of Latex Gloves 

Introduction 

Sterilization 

Hand Protection- one of PPEs

Choice of gloves 

Testing and Quality Control of Gloves 

ISO 

Dipped Latex Products 

Wet-Coacervant Dipping 

Dry-Coacervant Dipping (Coagulant Dipping ) 

Heat Sensitized Dipping 

Electro Deposition 

Formers 

Dipping Tanks 

Ethylene Oxide Sterilization Process 

Simple But Effective 

A Simple EO Process in Detail 

Environmental Preconditioning 

Items for consideration 

Initial Evacuation 

Items for consideration 

Humidification 

Items for consideration 

Gas Injections and Gas Dwell 

Items for consideration 

Postexposure Gas Purge and Air Inbleed 

Items for consideration 

Heated Aeration 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Raw Materials 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 21

Plant Economics of Surgical & NBR Gloves Manufacturing Unit 

Introduction 

Hand Protection – one of PPE’S 

Choice of gloves 

Types of gloves 

Medical Gloves 

Testing and quality control of gloves 

In-process testing 

Glove production & manufacturing 

Batch dipping process 

Continuous dipping process 

Latex dipping 

Latex concentrate

Compounding 

Coagulant dipping 

Latex dipping 

Beading 

Leaching 

Vulcanization 

Post leaching 

Slurry Dip 

Stripping 

Tumbling 

Glove packing 

Glove sterilization 

Finished gloves 

Brief about vulcanization & accelerators 

Accelerators 

Process Flow Diagram 

Formation 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Raw Materials 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 22

Plant Economics of Surgical and Non-woven Disposable Products like Syringes, Buffant Caps, Face Mask, Caps, Surgical Gown, Drape, Apron, Shoe Cover etc. 

Introduction 

Surgical Aprons 

Non-Woven Products 

Surgical Products 

Future of Non Wovens in Medical Market 

Manufacturing process of disposable plastic syringe 

Manufacturing Process and Source of Technology 

Manufacturing process of non woven disposables 

Surgical Aprons 

Drapes 

Plain Drapes 

Fixable Drapes 

Materials used 

Poly Materieal 

Non woven spun 

Non Woven Spun Waterproof 

Adhesive 

Sterlization 

Infective cases 

Manufacturing process of surgical gown 

Manufacturing process of face mask 

Manufacturing process of shoe cover 

Manufacturing process of stretchable and permeable surgical gloves 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 23

Plant Economics of Surgical Cotton and Adhesive Bandage 

Introduction 

Process of manufacture of surgical cotton 

Mechanical cleaning of raw cotton 

Boiling 

Bleaching 

Hydroextraction 

Drying 

Carding 

Sterlization 

Packing 

Adhesive bandage manufacturing and testing 

Test of materials 

Test procedure for adhesive bandage performance 

Process flow diagram of adhesive bandage 

Manufacturing process of cotton balls 

Manufacturing process of surgical bandages 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 24

Plant Economics of Syringe and Catheter  

Introduction 

Catheter Length, Sizes & Types 

Catheter Length 

Catheter Size 

Balloon Size 

Types 

Types of Hypodermic Needles 

Bevel 

Gauge 

Common Gauges 

Disposal or Reusable 

Brief discription of catheter 

Dialysis catheter 

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) 

Tunneled catheter 

Urology Catheter 

Central Venous Catheter 

Process flow chart for disposable syringe 

Manufacturing process of disposable syringe 

Manufacturing Process and Source of Technology 

Manufacturing process of catheter 

Process Flow Diagram 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 25

Plant Economics of Vacuum Blood Collection Tube 

Introduction 

Manufacturing Steps/Process Flow 

Component Cleaning 

Dosing Process 

Blood Collection tube Assembly 

Sterilization 

Process Flow Chart 

Quality Control 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 26

Plant Economics of Vinyl Gloves 

Introduction 

Product features 

Formulation 

Manufacturing Process Steps/Production Line/Process Flow 

Production Line 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Process Flow 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum