Detailed Project Report on nano hard polishing pad

NANO HARD POLISHING PAD

[CODE NO.4286]  

Tiles have been used as surfacing for walls and floors for thousands of years because of their beauty and durability. They have been produced in most of the countries of the world because of the abundance of the raw materials and the simplicity of the manufacturing technology. These two factors, together with the employment, generating capacity of this labour - intensive industry have attracted the interest of developing countries.

The term 'ceramic' is normally applied to products made of clay. Clay is a general name for all earths that form a paste when mixed with appropriate amounts of water and that harden when heated. Most clays are composed of silica and alumina while kaolins are their purest forms. Wall and floor tiles are formed by pressing higher grades of clay after blending them with flint, feldspar and talc.

Ceramic tiles are classified under two headings.

(i) Unglazed ceramic sets, flag and paving, hearth wall tiles.

(ii) Glazed ceramic sets, flay and paving, hearth wall tiles.

=> Unglazed stets, flag and paving, hearth and wall tiles:-

This heading covers ceramic stets flags and tiles commonly for paving or for facing walls hearth etc., provided that they unglazed.

Flags and paving, hearth and wall tiles are thinner in relation to their surface dimensions than are building bricks.

Whereas bricks play an essential part in construction work, forming the very framework of the building, flags and tiles are more especially intended for setting in cement on the surface of existing wall etc. They also differ from roofing tiles in that they are usually flat and do not need to be pierced or provided with the nibs or otherwise shaped for interlocking and that they are designed to be placed side by side without overlapping. Flags are larger than tiles and are usually rectangular; tiles may be of other geometric shapes (hexagonal, Octagonal etc.). Tiles are mainly used for facing walls, mantelpieces, hearth, floors and paths, flags are more especially used for paving or flooring or as hearth slabs.

In general unglazed tile may be defined as a hard, dense tile of uniform composition throughout, deriving colour and texture from the materials of which the body is made.

=> Glazed stets, flags and paving, hearth and wall tiles:-

These headings covers tiles, flags and stets that have been glazed, frequently after some form of decoration. For the purpose of this heading, the term "glazing" includes salt glazing (i.e. spraying the goods with salt during the firing to produce a vitreous glaze), as well as methods using the enamels, glazes etc.

Glazed tiles may be defined as a tile with a fused impervious facial finish composed of ceramic materials, fused to the body of the tile which may be non-vitreous, semi-vitreous, vitreous or impervious.

Ceramics industry in India is about 100 year old and has by now formed a sizable industrial base. In fact the industry has been growing at the rate of 10 to 15/- per annum.

Ceramic arts and crafts are age-old professions in India. With the impact of modern science and technology, these traditional arts have grown into an important industrial occupation for a large number of our people.

Over the years, the ceramic and allied industries of our country have witnessed great changes, both in the quality and quantity of products manufactured and today these industries play a vital role in the country's industrial and socio-economic-progress.

Nano Tiles are an upgrade to the general ceramic tiles.

The term ‘Nano’ in Nano tiles comes from Chemical- Nanotechnology, which makes the tiles contain special nano particles. These particles form a layer on the tiles, thereby giving them water and dust repellent properties.

COST ESTIMATION

Plant Capacity                                    5000 Nos./Day

Land & Building (1200 sq.mt.)  Rs. 1.87 Cr

Plant & Machinery                              Rs. 65 Lac

Working Capital for 2 Months    Rs. 84 Lac

Total Capital Investment                   Rs. 3.48 Cr

Rate of Return                                     18%

Break Even Point                                 64%

• INTRODUCTION
  
• CERAMIC TILES ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER TWO HEADINGS.
• => UNGLAZED STETS, FLAG AND PAVING, HEARTH AND WALL TILES:
• => GLAZED STETS, FLAGS AND PAVING, HEARTH AND WALL TILES:
• NANO POLISHING PADS AND ITS APPLICATION
• NYLON HARD PAD
• WOODEN PAD
• BENEFITS OF NANO TILES
• VITRIFIED FLOOR TILES WITH NANO TECHNOLOGY
• PROPERTIES OF NANO CHEMICALS
• TYPES OF NANO CHEMICALS
• USES AND APPLICATIONS OF TILES
• B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
• STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CERAMIC TILES
• 1. SCOPE:
• 2. TERMINOL55OGY:
• 3. MATERIAL MANUFACTURE AND FINISH:
• 4. DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES:
• 5. TRUENESS OF SHAPE:
• 6. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
• 7. TESTS:
• 8. MARKING
• 9. SAMPLING AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
• APPENDIX A
• TEST FOR WARPAGE
• A - 1 APPARATUS
• APPENDIX B
• B - 1 SCALE OF SAMPLING
• MARKET OVERVIEW OF CERAMIC TILES
• NANO POLISH VITRIFIED TILES
• TOP 10 TILES COMPANIES IN INDIA
• LIST OF TOP 10 TILES COMPANIES IN INDIA
• BENEFITS OF NANO COATING ON TILES
• FORMULATION OF NANO HARD POLISHING PAD
• COMPOSITION OF NANO POLISHING PAD
• PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• NANO LIQUID FORMULATION
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NANO CHEMICAL
• PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
• STORAGE LAYOUT:
• EQUIPMENT LAYOUT:
• SAFETY:
• PLANT EXPANSION:
• FLOOR SPACE:
• UTILITIES SERVICING:
• BUILDING:
• MATERIAL-HANDLING EQUIPMENT:
• RAILROADS AND ROADS:
• MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR 
• MULTIPURPOSE SERVICE ARE:
• PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
• PRIMARY FACTORS
• 1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
• 2. MARKETS:
• 3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
• 4. WATER SUPPLY:
• 5. CLIMATE:
• SPECIFIC FACTORS
• 6. TRANSPORTATION:
• A. AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS SERVICES AND PROJECTED RATES
• 7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
• 8. LABOR:
• 9. REGULATORY LAWS:
• 10. TAXES:
• 11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
• 12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
• 13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
• 14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
• EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
• 1. DEPRECIATION:
• 2. FIXED ASSETS:
• 3. WORKING CAPITAL:
• 4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
• 5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
• 6. MARGIN MONEY:
• 7. TOTAL LOAD:
• 8. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
• PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
• INTRODUCTION
• PROJECT HANDLING
• PROJECT SCHEDULING
• PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
• TIME SCHEDULE
• SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
• SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
• SUPPLIERS OF PRINTING INK

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS

02. LAND & BUILDING

03. PLANT AND MACHINERY

04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS

05. FIXED CAPITAL

06. RAW MATERIAL

07. SALARY AND WAGES

08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS

09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL

10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT

11. COST OF PRODUCTION

12. TURN OVER/ANNUM

13. BREAK EVEN POINT

14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE

15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS

16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS

17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS

18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)