Detailed Project Report on phthalic anhydride

PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE

[CODE NO.3844] 

Phthalic anhydride is an industrially important raw material for the production of anthraquinone used in the manufacture of many vat dyes and in alizarin and alizarin derivatives. It is used directly for the fluorescein, eosine, and rhodamine dyes. Several esters are made from phthalic anhydride and are largely used in the acquer industry as plasticizers. It is also used to manufacture alkyd resins, the glyptal and rezyl resins, dioctyl phthalate and the poly-vinyl resins.

Phthalic anhydride, first discovered by Laurent in 1863, was originally prepared by the oxidation of naphthalene with chromic acid. The early methods of manufacture of phthalic anhydride involved liquid phase processes in which expensive nitric and chromic acids were used as the oxidizing agents. The growing demand for phthalic anhydride as an intermediate for dye manufacture in the latter part of the nineteenth century made it imperative that cheaper means for its production be obtained. Consequently, a method of oxidizing naphthalene by sulfuric acid in the presence of mercury salts to form phthalic anhydride was developed .

The discovery of the effectiveness of the oxides of the metals of the fifth and sixth groups of the periodic table, especially of vanadium and molybdenum oxides , in the vapor phase oxidation o£ naphthalene by air led to the present productior~. on a large commercial scale, of phthalic anhydride in either fixed or fluidized bed reactors.

The ever-increasing demand for phthalic anhydride has stimulated search for alternative raw materials. Ortho-xylene, which is available in abundant quantities from petroleum refineries, appears to be the most suitable. Phthalic anhydride may be produced from o-xylene according to the following chemical equation.

Phthalic anhydride is a white crystalline solid that is the commercial form of phthalic acid. The largest markets for phthalic anhydride are phthalate plasticizers, unsaturated polyester resins, and alkyd resins for surface coatings. Commercial phthalic anhydride is 99.8–99.9% pure (99.5% is generally guaranteed) and is available in two forms - flake and molten. Most worldwide consumption of phthalic anhydride is molten.

As a raw material for the production of phthalic anhydride, o -xylene has several advantages . The theoretical amount of air required for oxidizing o-xylene is only 2/3 of that required for the oxidation of naphthalene; the heat given off during the reaction is 121 Kcal less than that of naphthalene; the product is of higher purity; theoretical yield per cent is higher than that of naphthalene. Furthermore, since o-xylene is a liquid at ordinary temperature, its use permits a simpler feed system.

Phthalic anhydride forms long needles,  m.p.  128oC,  b.p. 285oC.   It   is  used  extensively  for   the   manufacture   of anthraquinone,   anthranilic   acid,  indigo,   butyl   phthalate (nitrocellulose plasticiser) etc. with phosphorous penta chloride it yields phthaloyl chloride, which exhibits ring-chain isomerism by reacting chemically in both structures I and II. For  instance phthalolyl  chloride  with benzene and Aluminium  chloride  forms both  anthraquinone and diphenyl phthalide (Phthalophenone)  (v), with  hydrazine it reacts in form II to give a cyclic  hydrazole, where-as  with zinc dust and acetic acid it reacts in form II  to yield phthalide (IV) , a carbo-cyclic lactone. Final proof of the existence of  the  two tautomeric forms  is  afforded  by  their isolation. The symimetrical form (I) is prepared by the action of Phosphorus  pentachloride on phthalic anhydride and on  treatment with  aluminium  chloride is transformed into  the  unsymmetrical form  (II). This type of ring-chain isomerism is observed in the diacid halids of those dicarboxylic acids whose carboxylic groups are in close proximity.

Phthalal  al  dehyde (III) and phthalide  (IV)  also  finish examples of ring-chain tautomerism.

                         CCl2

           /COCl         /\                /CHO

    C6H4 /        C6H4 /    \O      C6H4 /

         \             \    /            \

           \COCl         \/                \CHO

                         CO

          (I)            (II)             (III)

                                            C6H5

                                             |

                         CH2                 C-C6H5

                         /\                  /\

                  C6H4 /    \O        C6H4 /    \O

                       \    /              \    /

                         \/                  \/

                         CO                  CO

                        (IV)                 (V)

Phthalic anhydride condenses with phenols to form triphenyl methane dyestuffs. The reaction proceeds by the P-hydrogen atoms of two molecules of phenol uniting with a carbongyl oxygen atom of anhydride to give water. The simplest of these  compounds  is phenolphthalein  which is prepared by heating phthalic  anhydride and  phenol at 120o in the presence of sulphuric acid.  It  forms colourless crystals and is a lactone which dissolves in alkali to give  an  intense  red  solution  from  which  the  compound   is precipitated in the colourless state by the addition of acids.

           HC    CH                     CH  

          //\ C  /\\                    /\             //\   CO

     HC //    \/    \\CH 450o-520o, HC/    \C-COOH   //    \/   \

        |     |      | ------------>  |    |-heat--> |     |     O

     HC \\    /\    //CH Air  Vana- HC\    /C-COOH   \\    /\ CO/

          \\/ C  \//    dium pentaoxide \/             \\/

           HC    HC                     CH

          Naphthalene                   Phthalic Acid   Phthalic Anhydride

Phthalicanhydride  is  an  exceedingly  important   compound technically.  It  ia used for the synthesis of many dyes  of  the odamine and fluorescein series, vat dyes, phenolphthalein etc.

Indigo  is  prepared artificially  from  phthalic  anhydride through thalimide and anthranilic acid.

            CO

     //\    /\                     //\   /CO\

   //    \/    \       NH3       //   \/      \NH + H2O

   |     |      O ------------>  |    |       /

   \\    /\    /                 \\   /\    /

     \\/    \/                     \\/   \CO

            CO

     Phthalic anhydride            Phthalimide

On  heating, or when submitted to the action of  dehydrating agents  phthalic  acids is very readily converted  into  phthalic anhydride. It crystallizes in daggling white, long needles  which melt at 128o.

COST ESTIMATION

Plant Capacity                            15 Ton/Day  

Land & Building (8000 sq.mt.)  Rs. 4.67 Cr    

Plant & Machinery                       Rs. 7.10 Cr 

Working Capital for 2 Months    Rs. 4.18 Cr 

Total Capital Investment            Rs. 16.58 Cr 

Rate of Return                             20%

Break Even Point                       61%

• INTRODUCTION
  
• PROPERTIES
• USES AND APPLICATIONS
• APPLICATIONS
• PREPARATION OF PHTHALATE ESTERS
• PREPARATION OF ALIPHATIC NITROALKENES
• PRECURSOR TO DYESTUFFS
• PHARMACEUTICALS
• SAFETY
• B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
• MARKET POSITION
• PRODUCTION CAPACITY UTILIZATION AND GROWTH 
•     OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (PAN)
• CONSUMPTION OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (PAN)
• EXPORT OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (PAN)
• CONSUMPTION OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (PAN)
• NET IMPORT OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (PAN)
• TOP FIVE DESTINATION OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (2016-17)
• TOP FIVE SOURCES (COUNTRIES) OF IMPORT OF PHTHALIC 
•     ANHYDRIDE (PAN) (2016-17)
• IMPORT DATA OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
• EXPORT DATA OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
• GLOBAL MARKET POSITION OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
• FURTHER KEY FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY SUGGEST:
• NORTH AMERICA PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE MARKET VOLUME 
•     BY APPLICATION, 2012-2020, (KILO TONS)
• APPLICATION INSIGHTS
• REGIONAL INSIGHTS
• PRESENT MANUFACTUREING OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
• CHEMISTRY AND THERMODYNAMICS IN PHTHALIC 
•     ANHYDRIDE MANUFACTURE
• CATALYST PROPERTIES
• THERMODYNAMICS
• SAFETY
• KINETICS
• TECHNICAL DETAILS OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION
• EMISSIONS AND CONTROLS
• FLOW DIAGRAM FOR PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE USING O-XYLENE 
•     AS BASIC FEEDSTOCK.
• FLOW DIAGRAM FOR PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE USING NAPHTHALENE 
•     AS BASIC FEEDSTOCK.
• COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
• APPROXIMATE OPERATING CONDITIONS IN THE PRODUCTION 
•    OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE FROM ORTHO-XYLENE AND NAPHTHALENE
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
• PROCESS IN DETAILS
• CHEMICAL REACTION
• DETAILS OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS FROM NAPHTHALENE
• REACTION
• MATERIAL REQUIREMENT
• BASIS: 1 TON PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
• PROCESS
• PRODUCTION OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE FROM O-XYLENE
• PROCESS DETAILS
• FEED STREAMS
• EQUIPMENT
• PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE FROM O-XYLENE
• REACTION
• PROCESS
• PROCESS FLOW SHEET
• PRODUCT AND BY PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
• TYPICAL QUALITIES OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
• BY PRODUCTS
• NAPHTHOQUINONE
• WATER & EMISSION
• PROCESS FLOWSHEET FOR PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
• METHOD OF TESTING FOR PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
• A-1 QUALITY OF REAGENTS
• A-2 DETERMINATION OF CRYSTALLIZING POINT
• A-3 MEASUREMENT OF COLOUR OF THE MOLTEN MATERIAL
• A-3.1 APPARATUS
• A-3.2.1 COBALTOUS CHLORIDE, HEXAHDYDRATE
• A-3.2.4 POTASSIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
• A-3.4 PROCEDURE
• A-4. DETERMINATION OF FREE ACIDITY
• A-4.1 REAGENTS
• A-4.1.1 PHTHALIC ACID
• A-4.3 CALCULATION
• A.5 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL AVAILABLE ACIDITY
• A-5.1 REAGENTS
• A-5.3 CALCULATION
• A-6 DETERMINATION OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE AND OTHER OXIDIZABLE IMPURITIES
• A-7 DETERMINATION OF ASH
• A-8 DETERMINATION OF IRON CONTENT
• A-9 TEST FOR NAPHTHAQUINONE
• A-10 TEST FOR NAPHTHALENE
• PLANT LAYOUT
• PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
• PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
• EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
• PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
• INTRODUCTION
• PROJECT HANDLING
• PROJECT SCHEDULING
• PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
• TIME SCHEDULE
• SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
• SULPHURIC ACID
• HDPE WOVEN BAGS
• SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
• REACTORS
• HEAT EXCHANGER
• BOILER
• AIR COMPRESSORS
• DISTILLATION COLUMN
• LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS/LABORATORY TESTING EQUIPMENTS

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS

02. LAND & BUILDING

03. PLANT AND MACHINERY

04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS

05. FIXED CAPITAL

06. RAW MATERIAL

07. SALARY AND WAGES

08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS

09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL

10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT

11. COST OF PRODUCTION

12. TURN OVER/ANNUM

13. BREAK EVEN POINT

14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE

15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS

16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS

17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS

18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)