Complete Technology Handbook on Resins, Solvents, Paints, Varnishes, Emulsion Polymers, Pigments & Additives with Detailed Manufacturing Process, Formulations and Project Profiles

Welcome to the "Complete Technology Handbook on Resins, Solvents, Paints, Varnishes, Emulsion Polymers, Pigments & Additives." In the vast universe of coatings and related materials, this book serves as your guiding light, providing insights, knowledge, and expertise on the complex and multifaceted industry of surface treatments, finishes, and coatings.

The Future of the Coatings Industry

The world of coatings is a fascinating realm where science, art, and innovation converge. As we embark on this journey, we begin with an exploration of the future of the coatings industry. The landscape of coatings is ever-evolving, driven by the quest for better protection, aesthetics, and sustainability. From traditional damars and shellacs to modern innovations, this book is your compass in understanding the past, present, and future of coatings.

Oleoresinous Media

In this handbook, we delve into the realm of oleoresinous media, deciphering the industry's terminology and uncovering the secrets of varnishes, lacquers, and their oil-based counterparts. We take you through the intricate world of raw materials used in oleoresinous production, including natural and synthetic resins, oils, thinners, and essential additives. Learn about the craftsmanship and formulations that yield finished products like clear varnishes, undercoats, marine paints, and more.

Varnishes: Composition, Manufacturing, and Applications

Our exploration continues with varnishes – their composition, production processes, and diverse applications. Varnishes are more than just protective coatings; they are expressions of artistry, offering a mirror to the world and a shield against time. We examine the characteristics of a good varnish, explore their uses, and introduce you to newly developed varnishes that are changing the way surfaces are treated.

Alkyd Resin Technology

Resins form the backbone of the coatings industry. Alkyd resins, in particular, are essential components of many paints and varnishes. This section provides an in-depth look at the technology behind alkyd resins. We dive into the raw materials, formulation, and the calculations involved in creating these versatile compounds. With real-world examples, we simplify the complex world of alkyd resins to equip you with the knowledge needed to understand and work with them.

Polyesters Production

The journey through resin technology continues with an exploration of saturated and unsaturated polyesters. You will gain insights into the condensation and addition polymerization processes that give birth to these crucial materials. The components of unsaturated polyesters, including initiators, accelerators, and inhibitors, are demystified, shedding light on the factors that influence their properties. Understand the role of polyester coatings in various applications, from automotive finishes to protective coatings.

Amino Resin Technology

Amino resins are a cornerstone of the coating industry, with widespread applications spanning from adhesives to textile enhancements. This book takes you on a deep dive into the world of amino resins, their synthesis, properties, and applications. Discover how these resins contribute to the world of coatings and learn about their pivotal role in improving textile properties. Diagrammatic representations provide a visual guide to the production of amino resins, bridging the gap between theory and practice.

As you traverse the chapters of this handbook, you will find a wealth of information that will benefit a diverse audience – from industry professionals seeking to expand their expertise to newcomers intrigued by the alchemy of coatings and polymers. The coatings industry is a blend of tradition and innovation, where science and art intertwine. With this book as your companion, you are well-equipped to embark on this captivating journey of exploration, understanding, and innovation.

We extend our gratitude to you, our readers, for choosing this comprehensive handbook as your source of knowledge. May your journey through the intricate world of resins, solvents, paints, varnishes, polymers, pigments, and additives be enlightening and inspiring. Together, we will navigate the vast and ever-evolving landscape of the coatings industry, where creativity knows no bounds and technology shapes the world.

The book contains chapters: The Future of the Coatings Industry, Oleoresinous Media, Varnishes: Composition, Manufacturing and Applications, Alkyd Resin Technology, Polyesters Production, Amino Resin Technology, Phenolic Resins Technology, Polyurethane Resins, Epoxy Resins Technology, Water Dispersible Epoxy Coatings, Silicone Resins Manufacture, Acrylic Solution Resins, Emulsion Polymerization Theory, Emulsion Polymers: Manufacture and Testing, Water-Reducible Resins, Water-soluble Polymers, Solvents, Inorganic Pigments, Titanium Dioxide Pigments Technology, Organic Pigments Technology, Extender Pigments, Paint Driers, Paint Additives Technology, Paints Manufacturing, Architectural Paints Production, Plant Economics of Alkyd Resins, Plant Economics of Formaldehyde 37% (Capacity: 80 TPD), Plant Economics of Oleoresin and Spice Oil (Assorted), Plant Economics of Paint Manufacturing, Plant Economics of PVC Solvent Cements Manufacture with Process and Formula (UPVC & CPVC), Plant Economics of Red Oxide Primer & Aluminum Paint, Plant Economics of Silicone Emulsion used as Release Agent for Rubber Industry, Plant Economics of Styrene Acrylic Copolymer Emulsion, Plant Economics of Thinner Manufacturing Unit, Plant Economics of Unsaturated Polyester Resin.

Chapter 1

The Future of the Coatings Industry

Introduction

Natural Resin Coating Materials

Damars

Balsams

Copals

Mastic

Shellac 

Typical Uses of Coatings Materials

Isolation Layers 

Inpainting Media 

Consolidants 

Final Finishes 

How Should Coating Materials “Behave”? 

Ease of Application 

Chemical Stability 

Moisture Permeability

Toughness 

Hardness

Contents-cum-Index Light Transmission

Dimensional Stability

Inertness

Visual Properties 

Which of the natural resins possess the previous list of attributes? 

Looking to the Future 

Smart Anti-Corrosion Coatings - the Most Attractive Segment in the Next Five Years 

Asia Pacific: The Fastest-Growing Smart Coatings Market 

Demand for Green and Advanced Technologies is on the Rise 

Chapter 2

Oleoresinous Media

Industry Terminology 

Media (singular, medium)

Hard gums, hard resins 

Varnish 

Lacquer 

Oillength 

Hard anti soft oils

Drying oils

Semi-drying oils 

Non-drying oils 

Run gum 

Reactive phenolics 

Non-reactive phenolics 

Gas checking 

Gas proofing 

Checking 

Flooding 

Hot string 

Cold string 

Raw Materials Used In Oleoresinous Production 

Resins 

Natural Resins 

Synthetic Resins 

Phenolic resins 

Coumarone-Indene resins

Epoxy resins

Oils 

Thinners 

Additives 

Zinc oxide

Aluminium stearate

Anti-skinning agents 

Finished products based on oleoresinous media 

Clear varnishes

Undercoats anti primers

Paving points

Aluminium paints 

Can coatings

Bituminous paints 

Antifouling marine paints 

Chemical-resistant paints 

Electrophoretic primers 

Printing inks 

Manufacturing Equipment 

Formulations and Methods of Manufacture

Procedure 

Process Control Testing

Chapter 3

Varnishes: Composition, Manufacturing and Applications 

Introduction

Paints and Varnishes 

Characteristics of a Good Varnish 

General Uses of Varnish 

Newly Developed Varnishes 

Chapter 4

Alkyd Resin Technology

Raw Materials

Oils 

Dibasic Acids 

Polyhydric A1cohols 

Some tryhydric alcohols 

Formulation of Alkyd Resins 

Calculation of alkyd formulations 

Basic Terms 

Basic Calculations 

Example 1 

Solution 

Solution 

Calculation of Raw Materials for an Alkyd Prepared by the Monoglyceride  41

Process 

Ingredients 

Solution 

Calculation of oil 

Calculation of polyester 

Typical Formulations (all quantities by mass)

Long oil Alkyds 

Long Oillinseed/D.C.O. alkyd (Alcokolysis) 

Non-volatile 100 percent

Long oillinseed/dimer acid alkyd 

Short on Alkyds 

Chapter 5

Polyesters Production 

Saturated Polyesters 

Condensation and Addition polymerization 

Main Components of Unsaturated Polyesters 

Functions of Initiators, Accelerators, Inhibitors 

Effect of structure of polyester backbone on properties of cured products 

Effect of chemical structure on melting points of linear polyesters 

Effect of structure on properties of cured products 

Polyester Coating Compositions 

Chapter 6

Amino Resin Technology 

Introduction to Amino Resins 

Synthesis of Amino Resins 

Properties and Applications of Amino Resins 

Physical Properties of Amino Resin 

Thermoset Advantages 

Thermoset Disadvantages 

Nitrogen Properties 

Adhesive Properties 

Molding Compounds and Powder Amino Resins 

Amino Resins in Coating Industry

Amino Resins and Improving Textile Properties 

Diagrammatic representation of a typical plant for the production of amino resins

Chapter 7

Phenolic Resins Technology 

Bonding Strength 

How Phenolic Resins are Prepared

Raw Materials 

Formation and structure 

Properties and Uses of Phenolic Resin 

Properties

Applications 

Physical Attributes 

Chemical Resistance 

Phenolic resins in rubber products such as tires 

Modified Phenolic Resins 

Applications & Uses 

Benefits 

Packaging 

Storage

Oil soluble 100 percent phenolic resins 

Non-Oll Reactive 100 Percent Phenolic Resins 

Oil-reactive, 100 percent phenolic resins 

Baking Phenoucs 

Dispersion Resins 

Baking Phenolics 

Chapter 8

Polyurethane Resins 

Toluene diisocyanate 

Applications 

Advantages of Polyurethane Resins 

Types of Polyurethane Resins 

Flexible Polyurethane Foam 

Rigid Polyurethane Foam 

Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants and Elastomers 

Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) 

Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) 

Binders

Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions (PUDs) 

Polyurethane Resin Uses

Apparel 

Appliances 

Automotive 

Construction 

Composite Wood 

Electronics 

Flooring 

Furnishings 

Marine 

Medical 

Packaging 

Paints 

Polyurethane making process 

Raw Materials

Isocyanates 

Polyols 

Additives 

Design 

Manufacturing Process 

Polymer reactions 

Processing 

Quality Control

Chapter 9

Epoxy Resins Technology

Phenolic Glycidyl Ethers 

Aromatic Glycidyl Amines 

Clycloaliphatics 

Key Properties of Epoxy Resins 

Epoxy Composites: Additives for High Performance

Rubber Additives

Thermoplastic Additives

Flame Retardants

Colors and Dyes 

Recycling and BioBased Epoxy Systems

Uses

Using Epoxy Resin as Adhesives

Using Epoxy Resin for Electronics and Electrical Systems

Using Epoxy Resin for Painting

Using Epoxy Resin for Coatings and Sealant

Using Epoxy Resin for Repairs

Types of Epoxy Resin

Bisphenol Epoxy Resins

Aliphatic Epoxy Resins

Novolac Epoxy Resins

Halogenated Epoxy Resins

Epoxy Resin Diluents

Glycidylamine Epoxy Resins

Epoxy Putty

Curing Time and Process for Epoxy Resin

Epoxy Resin Uses and Application Methods 

Araldite Rapid Epoxy Adhesive

Epoxy Colour

Araldite Fusion Epoxy Adhesive

Material Compatibility

Epoxy Colour:

Scotch-Weld Epoxy Adhesive

Material Compatibility

Epoxy Colour

Loctite Hysol Epoxy Adhesive

Material Compatibility:

Epoxy Colour: 

Epoxy Resin Adhesives 

Epoxy Resin Uses for Industrial Tools 

Epoxy Resin for Electrical Applications 

Epoxy Resin for Consumers 

Epoxy Resin for Artwork and DIY

Epoxy Coatings and Painting 

Benefits of Epoxy Coating 

Manufacturing Process

Applications 

Chapter 10

Water Dispersible Epoxy Coatings

Features

Characteristics

Multi-Use Water Based Epoxy Coating

Uses

Epoxy/Poly Amide Emulsions

Epoxy Baking Enamels 

Water-dispersible epoxy resin coatings for electrodeposition

Types of Waterborne Coatings

Advantages of Waterborne Coatings 

Applying the Coating

Acrylic and Acrylic-Based Epoxy Coating Materials 

Applications for White Goods Coatings 

Applications in the Industrial and Automotive Industries

Steel Anticorrosion Coatings

The Application of a Coating on Metal Containers and Cans 

Applications for Flooring

Epoxy Coating Systems in Flooring Implementations 

Coating of Carbon Nanotube on Carbon Fiber Surface and Interfacial Properties

Risk Evaluation of Coating Surface Abrasion Resistance in Drilled Conditions Using AHP

Bonding Agent Improves Epoxy Resin Covering Adhesion 

Green Epoxy Self-Healed under UV Light

Epoxy-Polyamide Coating Cathodic Debonding Behavior

Hydration Cemented Mixture and Adhesive Coating Interfacial Tension Testing

The Effect of Filler Particles on the Tribological and Tensile Qualities of Epoxy Repair Coatings

Epoxy Clay Nanocomposites: Surface Characteristics

Treatment of Mild Steel’s Ecofriendly Surface with a Neodymium-Based Nanofilm

The Effect of Surface Shape on Epoxy Coating Barrier Characteristics 

Ceramic Particulate Thermal Interface Surface Coating Systems for GFRC 

Companies Involved in Waterborne Coatings

Chapter 11

Silicone Resins Manufacture

Properties

Preparation of Silicones 

Applications 

Personal Care Products 

Construction Materials 

In Electronics 

Solar Panels and Photovoltaic devices 

Aviation Industry 

Kitchenware 

Paints and Coatings 

Sporting Apparels and Goods 

Toys

Lubricants 

Safety and Environmental Considerations

Physical attributes 

Costs 

Chemical resistance 

Silicone resins uses 

Chapter 12

Acrylic Solution Resins

Backbone Monomers 

Synthesis 

Addition Polymerization 

Copolymerization 

Thermoplastic Acrylics 

Thermoplastic Acrylic Resin 

Compatibility 

Different types of thermoplastic resins and their applications 

Polycarbonate 

Acetal Copolymer Polyoxymethlene

Acetal Homopolymer Polyoxymethylene

Acrylic 

Nylon 

Polyethylene 

Polypropylene 

Polystyrene 

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 

Teflon 

Thermosetting acrylic resin

Selection of Monomer 

Classification and Properties 

Acrylalllide CopolYmers

Acid Copolymers 

Hydroxy Copolymers

Curing Reactions 

Applications of Emulsion Polymers 

Architectural Coatings 

Interior Decorative Coatings 

Exterior Architectural Coatings

Paper and Paperboard Coatings 

Industrial Coatings

Emulsion Polymers for Adhesive Applications

Paper & Packaging Adhesives 

Tapes and Labels (PSA)

Carpet Backing 

Fiber Bound 

Construction 

Other Applications 

Textile 

Latex Gloves

Leather Finishing 

Chapter 13

Emulsion Polymerization Theory

Stages of an emulsion polymerization 

Stage I 

Stage II 

Stage III 

The role of surfactants in the emulsion polymerization process 

Choosing Surfactants

Additive Line: Oxitive® 

Emulsifier Line: Oximulsion®

Chapter 14

Emulsion Polymers: Manufacture and Testing

Physically they fall into the category of colloidal systems

How Emulsion Polymers are Made? 

Solid Content 

Particle Size 

Coagulum in a Product

Rheology/Viscosity 

Glass Transition Temperature

Residual Monomer/VOC

Molecular Weight 

Selection Based on Emulsion Chemistry 

Types of Monomers Used in Emulsion Polymerization

Main Polymer Types 

Acrylates 

Styrene-Butadienes 

Vinyl Acetate-based Homoand Copolymers

Stabilizers-Important for Emulsion Stability 

Polymeric stabilizers can act as depletion stabilizers in polymer emulsions

Auxiliaries

Polymerization Process

Benefits and Features of Emulsion Polymers 

Impact of Water during Polymerization 

Low Emissions and VOC

Properties to Consider While Handling Emulsion Polymers

Shelf Life is Very Important 

Freeze-thaw Stability 

Susceptibility against High Shear Forces 

Protection against Microbial Attack 

Chapter 15

Water-Reducible Resins 

Water-Soluble Polymers 

Maleiaized drying oils 

Alkyd Resins 

Acrylic-modified Watersoluble Alkyds 

Polyesters 

Silicone-modified Alkyds and Polyesters 

Epoxy Resins 

Anhydrides 

Defunctionizing the Epoxide Ring

Keeping the Epoxide Ring Available for Subsequent Cross-linking 

Thermoplastic Polymers 

Thermoplastic Polymers Properties 

Thermoplastic and Thermosetting 

Thermoplastic Polymers Applications 

Uses Thermoplastic Polymers 

Properties of Thermosetting Polymers 

Thermosetting Process 

Examples

Thermosetting Plastic Advantages and Disadvantages 

Melamine Formaldehydes 

Properties 

Synthesis 

Commercial MF Resin Products

Applications 

Variation of Amine Levels 

Viscosity 

Drying Properties 

Stability 

Gloss 

Chapter 16

Water-soluble Polymers 

Carboxypolymethylene (carbomer, carbopol) 

Cellulose derivatives 

Natural gum (acacia)

Alginates

Dextran

Polyvinylpyrrolidone 

Polyethylene glycol

Uses

Chapter 17

Solvents 

Solutions and solvation 

Solvent classifications 

Evaporation Rate 

Hydrogen Bonding 

Liquid/Liquid Boiling Equilibria 

Uses & Benefits 

Solvents in Paints and Coatings 

Solvents in Inks 

Solvents in Healthcare Applications 

Solvents in Automotive 

Safety Information 

Tested, Effective, Affordable 

Types of Solvent 

Examples of Solvent 

The Solution, Solubility and Solvation 

Uses of Solvent 

Organic Solvents 

Types of Organic Solvents 

Properties of Organic Solvents 

Applications of Organic Solvents 

Chapter 18

Inorganic Pigments 

Examples of Inorganic Pigments 

Classification of pigments 

General properties of pigments 

Properties of inorganic pigments 

The Functions of a Pigment 

Properties of Pigments 

Optical Data 

Particle Shape 

Dispersibility

The Classification of pigments

Properties of Inorganic Pigments 

Iron Oxides 

Natural Iron Oxides 

Synthetic Iron Oxides

Chromates 

Lead Chromate 

Chrome Oxide Pigments

Applications 

Reactions 

Green chrome oxide was used in ink for dollar bills

Green chrome oxide adds color to glass products

Green chrome oxide is a pigment for paints 

In paste form, green chrome oxide can be used as an abrasive for blade sharpening 

Green chrome oxide adds color to plastic products and ceramics 

Bonus fact: Heating ammonium dichromate creates an interesting demonstration

Good compatibility

Zinc Oxide 

Zinc Sulfide Lithopone 

Zinc Phosphate 

Calcium Plumbate 

Introduction 

Uses 

Mixed Phase Pigments

Heat treatment of mixture 

Claims 

Chapter 19

Titanium Dioxide Pigments Technology

Properties of Titanium Dioxide 

Production of TiO2 Pigment 

Scattering Power of TiO2 and Pigment Volume Concentration 

Scattering by Solid Particles 

Scattering Efficiency 

Ways to Optimize the Use of Titanium Dioxide for Paints and Coatings

Optimize the Dispersion Process 

Distribute the Particles 

Optimize Pigment Dispersion & Stabilization with Practical Examples 

Crystal Structures and Photo Activity of Titanium Dioxide

Anatase and Rutile Titanium dioxide 

Photo Activity of TiO2

Post-treatment 

Selecting the Right Type of Paint Pigment Titanium Dioxide

TiO2 Nanoparticles

Substitute for Titanium Dioxide in Paint 

Use the Concepts in Practice 

The Chloride Process 

Applications of Titanium Pigments

Surface Coatings Industry 

Opacity 

Tinting Strength 

Durability 

Gloss Development 

Storage Stability 

Uses

Pigment-grade Titanium Dioxide 

Ultrafine-grade or Nanoscale Titanium Dioxide 

Safety Information 

Chapter 20

Organic Pigments Technology 

Applications of pigments 

Application of organic and resins 

Requirements for performance of colorants in plastics and resins 

Excellent heat stability is one of the important indicators as a plastic colorant

Excellent migration resistance, no spray phenomenon 

Good compatibility with resin and easy dispersion

The organic pigments used for coloring outdoor plastic products should have excellent light fastness and weather fastness

The main structure type of plastic colorant 

Insoluble azo pigment 

Phthalocyanine pigments 

Heterocyclic ring and fused ring ketone 

Coloring of main resin and plastic

PVC resin colorant 

Coloring of poly (hydrocarbon) (PO) resin 

Coloring of transparent resin such as polystyrene 

Coloration of polyamide (nylon) resin 

Application of Organic Pigments in Inks 

Offset Printing Inks 

Solvent-based gravure ink 

UV-curable inks (y ink) 

Water-based inks 

Classification of pigments 

Azo pigments 

Fluorescent pigments 

Color mixing 

White and black pigments 

Dyestuffs 

Organo soluble dyestuffs 

Oil-soluble dyes 

Spirit soluble dyes 

Basic dyestuffs 

Anthraquinone dyes 

Colour Index Classification 

Production of Organic Pigments 

Chapter 21

Extender Pigments 

Particle Size and Shape 

Particle Size Distribution 

Specification 

Particle Size Distribution 

Colour 

Sieve Residue 

Water-Soluble Content and pH 

Volatile Matter 

Oil Absorption 

Dispersion 

Safety Precautions 

Types of Extender Pigment 

Calcite (Whiting) 

Calcium carbonate (natural) 

Calcimn carboaate 

Tale 

Barytes 

China Clay (Kaolin) 

Diatomaceous Silica 

Crystalline Sillca 

Amorphous Silica (tripoli) 

Synthetic Silica 

Mica 

Asbestos 

Wollastonite 

Chapter 22

Paint Driers 

Features of Paint driers 

Paint Drying Process 

Types of paint driers 

Primary/Active Driers 

Secondary/Auxiliary/Through Driers 

Combination of driers 

Advantages of using a Combination Drier: 

Driers Used in Coatings 

Active & Auxiliary Driers 

Secondary/Auxilliary/Through Driers Primary/Active Driers

Cobalt

Manganes

Calcium

Strontium

Zirconium

Combination of Driers

Driers for High Solids Paints

Region of action of primary versus through driers

Driers for Waterborne Paints 

Best Methods to Select Optimum Drier

Driers/Siccatives for Paints & Coatings

Chapter 23

Paint Additives Technology 

Introduction 

Anti-corrosive pigment enhancers 

Antifoams 

Antisettling agents 

Antiskinning agents 

Dehydrators/antigassing additives 

Dispersion aids 

Driers 

Notes on driers 

Cobalt 

Lead 

Manganese

Iron 

Zinc 

Calcium 

Cerium 

Vanadium 

Barium 

Zirconium 

Aluminium 

Wetting and Dispersing Agents

Definitions 

Hydrogenated Castor-Oil-Based Thickeners 

Anti-Skinning Agents 

Causes of Skinning 

Consequences of Skinning 

Avoiding Skinning 

Antioxidants 

Anti-Flooding /Anti-Floating & Wetting Control

Recoguizing Flooding and Floating 

Identification of Mildew 

Latex Paint Additives 

Ideal for

Stabilizing Surfactants (Non-ionics) 

Latex Thickening Agents 

Coalescing Agents 

Mode of Action 

Chapter 24

Paints Manufacturing

Raw Materials and Their Preparation 

List of Raw Materials 

Solvents 

Pigments 

Binders 

Additives 

Process of Paint Manufacturing 

Selection of raw materials 

Mixing and blending 

Grinding and milling

Quality control and testing 

Final Product Finishing and Quality Control 

The First Step

The Second Step 

The Final Step 

Environmental Considerations in Paint Manufacturing

Initial Step for Environmental Consideration for Paint Manufacturing 

Second Step for Environmental Consideration for Paint Manufacturing 

Final Step for Environmental Consideration for Paint Manufacturing 

Laboratory 

Weighing the raw materials

Dispersion 

Pre-mixing 

Grinding the pigments

Fineness inspection 

Colour inspection

Stability inspection

Filling 

The Manufacturing Process

Making the paste

Dispersing the pigment

Thinning the paste

Canning the paint 

Manufacturing process for a semi-gloss waterborne white 

Mill-base: High speed mixer

Canning 

The manufacturing process for a gloss solventborne bright red

Mill-base: High speed mixer and bead mill 

Canning 

Quality Control 

Byproducts/Waste

Chapter 25

Architectural Paints Production 

Coatings - How They Work 

Cross-Linking 

Evaporation 

Coalescence 

Fusion Bonding 

Specific coating technologies 

Types of Coatings 

Coating Composition 

Performance Specifications 

Features 

Surfaces 

Material 

Type 

Properties 

Chapter 26

Plant Economics of Alkyd Resins 

Introduction 

Manufacturing Process of Alkyd Resin 

Alcoholysis Method 

Fatty Acid Method 

Formulation of long alkyd resin 

Formulation of short alkyd resin 

Formulation of medium alkyd resin 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 27

Plant Economics of Formaldehyde 37% (Capacity: 80 TPD) 

Manufacture of formaldehyde

Commercial manufacture 

Silver process 

Oxide process 

Raw materials resource 

Uses 

Production 

Uses of formaldehyde 

Agriculture 

Automobiles

Cement concrete 

Cosmetics 

Disinfectant

Embalming agent 

Explosives 

Fuels 

Fertilizers

Paper 

Rubber 

Surface-active agents 

Polyacetals

Cardanol resins

Newer applications

Plant Economics

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 28

Plant Economics of Oleoresin and Spice Oil (Assorted) 

Introduction 

Manufacturing process for extraction of essential oils from flowers, herbs, spices by super critical fluid (carbon dioxide) 

Extraction of Essential Oil from Flowers

From herbs

Cleaning 

Washing

Drying 

Disintegration into small chip

From Spices 

Cleaning 

Drying 

Cutting into pieces

CO2 & Super Critical CO2 Extraction

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 29

Plant Economics of Paint Manufacturing 

Paint Manufacturing Process

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 30

Plant Economics of PVC Solvent Cements Manufacture with Process and Formula (UPVC & CPVC)

Introduction 

Formulations of PVC Solvent 

Formulation -1 UPVC Solvent Cement 

Formulation -2 CPVC Solvent Cement 

Formulation - 3 CPVC Solvent Cement (Heavy Duty) 

Manufacturing process of PVC solvent cement 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 31

Plant Economics of Red Oxide Primer & Aluminum Paint

Production Processes

Step I – Manufacturing of Red Oxide Pigment from Pickle Liquor

Step II - Manufacturing of Red Oxide Paint from Red Oxide Pigment

Manufacturing process of aluminum pigments 

Particle Size 

Particle Size Distribution 

Solvent based Coating 

Basic formulation of Aluminum paint

Plant Economics 

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 32

Plant Economics of Silicone Emulsion used as Release Agent for Rubber Industry

Introduction 

Formulation of Silicone Emulsion 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 33

Plant Economics of Styrene Acrylic Copolymer Emulsion 

Introduction

Manufacturing process of styrene acrylic copolymer emulsion 

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 34

Plant Economics of Thinner Manufacturing Unit

Plant Economics 

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery 

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment 

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 35

Plant Economics of Unsaturated Polyester Resin

Introduction

Manufacturing Process of Unsaturated Polyester Resin 

Reaction 

Process Flow Diagram 

Plant Economics 

Land & Building

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month 

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum