Detailed Project Report on activated bleaching earth

ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
[CODE NO. 3207]


Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after the respective dominant element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminium (Al). Experts debate a number of nomenclatorial problems with the classification of bentonite clays. Bentonite usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, has been used to describe clay beds of uncertain origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium and calcium bentonite. In stratigraphy and tephrochronology, completely devitrified (weathered volcanic glass) ash-fall beds are commonly referred to as K-bentonites when the dominant clay species is illite. Other common clay species, and sometimes dominant, are montmorillonite and kaolinite. Kaolinite-dominated clays are commonly referred to as tonsteins and are typically associated with coal.

Types

Sodium betonies

Sodium bentonite expands when wet, absorbing as much as several times its dry mass in water. Because of its excellent colloidal properties, it is often used in drilling mud for oil and gas wells and for geotechnical and environmental investigations.

The property of swelling also makes sodium bentonite useful as a sealant, since it provides a self-sealing, low permeability barrier. It is used to line the base of landfills to prevent migration of leachate, for quarantining metal pollutants of groundwater, and for the sealing of subsurface disposal systems for spent nuclear fuel. Similar uses include making slurry walls, waterproofing of below-grade walls, and forming other impermeable barriers, e.g., to seal off the annulus of a water well, to plug old wells. It is also used to form a barrier around newly planted trees to constrain root growth so as to prevent damage to nearby pipes, footpaths and other infrastructure.

Sodium bentonite can also be "sandwiched" between synthetic materials to create geo-synthetic clay liners (GCL) for the aforementioned purposes. This technique allows for more convenient transport and installation, and it greatly reduces the volume of sodium bentonite required.

Sodium bentonite is also used in a variety of pet care items such as cat litter to absorb the odour and surround the feces.

Various surface modifications to sodium bentonite improve some rheological or sealing performance in geoenviromental applications, for example, the addition of polymers.

COST ESTIMATION

Plant  Capacity                                                           :       80.00 MT/day            
land & Building (20,000 sq.mtrs)                           :    Rs. 10.91 Cr
Plant & Machinery                                                      :    Rs. 10.00 Cr
Working Capital for 2 Months                                  :    Rs. 6.17  Cr
Total Capital Investment                                          :    Rs. 27.50 Cr
Rate of Return                                                           :    33%
Break Even Point                                                      :    47%


INTRODUCTION                                            
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION                        
USES AND APPLICATIONS                                    
BENTONITE SLURRY WALLS IN MODERN CONSTRUCTION                
INDUSTRIAL USE OF ACTIVATED BENTONITE CLAY                    
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS                                        
FUNCTION OF ACID ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH                    
COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF BENTONITE CLAY                
MARKET SURVEY                                            
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH            
GLOBAL MANUFACTUERS OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH            
REQUIREMENTS FOR BLEACHING EARTH OF INDIAN                    
ORIGIN USED FOR BLEACHING VEGETABLE OILS                    
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST FOR BLEACHING EARTH            
SCALE OF SAMPLING                                        
TEST SAMPLES AND REFEREE SAMPLES                            
NUMBER OF TESTS                                        
CRITERION FOR CONFORMITY                                
MOISTURE CONTENT                                        
BULK DENSITY                                            
SIEVE ANALYSIS                                            
BLEACHING EFFICIENCY                                    
REQUIREMENTS                                            
PACKING AND MARKING                                    
RAW MATERIAL AND ITS PROPERTIES                            
MONTHLY RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS                        
BLEACHING CLAYS                                        
NATURE OF THE ACID ACTIVATION OF NON-SWELLING-SMECTITES        
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH            
PROCESS DETAILS                                        
FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH                
SEQUENCES OF ACTIVATION OF BLEACHING EARTH                    
ACTIVATED METHOD OF CLAY MINERAL                            
PROCESS FOR MAKING ACID ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH USING SUSCOPTIBILITY SOURCE CLAY                                
DESCRIPTION                                            
XRD METHOD OF DETERMINING                                
ATTAPULGITE CONTENT                                
EXAMPLE                                            
BLEACHING PERFORMANCE OF CLAY                        
OTHER RELATED INFORMATIONS                            
COMPLETE PLANT SUPPLIERS                            
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY                        
FILTER PRESS                                        
CONVEYOR BELT                                        
PULVERISER                                        
STAINLESS STEEL TANKS                                
BALL MILL                                            
JAW CRUSHER                                        
ROTARY KILNS                                        
DISINTEGRATORS                                    
BOILER                                            
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS                                
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY                        
SUPPLIER OF RAW MATERIALS                            
SULPHURIC ACID                                        
BENTONITE                                        
HDPE WOVEN BAGS                                    


APPENDIX – A:

 1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS      
 2.      LAND & BUILDING                                      
 3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY                                  
 4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT                             
 5.      RAW MATERIAL                                         
 6.      SALARY AND WAGES                                     
 7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS                              
 8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL                                
 9.      COST OF PRODUCTION                                   
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS                               
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT                                     
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE                           
13.      INTEREST CHART                                       
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART                                   
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT                                   
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET