Manufacturing Technology of Biofuels, Biomethane, Bio Hydrogen, Bioethanol, Ethanol, Biodiesel, Fuels, Solid Biofuels & Renewal Energy Recovery

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Manufacturing Technology of Biofuels, Biomethane, Bio Hydrogen, Bioethanol, Ethanol, Biodiesel, Fuels, Solid Biofuels & Renewal Energy Recovery

The book contains the following chapters: Introduction, Methanolysis of Pongamia pinnata oil for production of biodiesel, Production of Biofuel from Tobacco Plants, Biomethane, Technology Applications for Biomethane, Biohydrogen, Isolation and Characterization of Yeast for Bioethanol Production using sugarcane molasses, Conversion of Lignin to Biofuels, Ethanol Production from Solid Citrus Waste, Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil, Biodiesel from Coffee Husk Oil, Diesel Engine Test for Biodiesel from Coffee Husk Oil, Production of Fuels with Superior Low Temperature Properties from Tall Oil or Fractionated Fatty Acids, Renewable Energy Recovery from MSW and other Wastes, Biomass to Liquid Fuels, Activated Carbon using the Copyrolysis of Agricultural and Municipal Solid Wastes, Ethanol from Molasses, Production of Bio-Oil for Power Generation from Coffee Husk, Bio-Diesel from Algae, Ethanol from Rice Straw, Bio-Diesel Extraction from Jatropha, Soyabean, Sun Flower, Rice Bran, Algae and Cultivation of Jatropha, Rectified Spirit and Ethanol from Molasses, Fuel Ethanol Project ENA Specification, Fuel Oil from Jatropha, Ethanol Full Anhydrous Based on Molasses and Potato.

Preface

Generally, the advancement of industrialization is accompanied by the increase in the production of industrial machines including diesel engines and automobiles, increasing the consumption of the diesel oil used as a fuel. Of various fuels produced, diesel oil is competitive because of its lower cost, but is problematic in that combustion using diesel oil as fuel causes greater pollution than other kinds of fuel. Bio-fuel development in India mainly around the cultivation and processing of Jatropha Plant seeds which are very rich in oil (%). Jatropha provides immediate economic benefit at the local level since it grows well in dry marginal non-agricultural lands. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in alternatives to petroleum-based fuels . The alternative fuels must be technically acceptable , economically competitive, environmentally acceptable and easily available. The need for these fuels arises mainly from the standpoint of preserving global environment and concern about long-term supplies of conventional hydrocarbon based fuels. Among the different possible sources, bio- fuels derived from triglycerides (vegetable oil/ animal fats) present a promising alternative. Although triglycerides can fuel diesel engines their viscosities and poor cold flow properties have led to investigation of various derivatives. Fatty acid methyl esters derived from triglycerides and methanol known as bio-diesel, have received the most attention. Vegetable oils are widely available from a variety of sources. Unlike hydrocarbon based fue, the sulfur content of vegetable oil is zero and hence the environmental damage caused by sulphuric acid is reduced. For this whole world only vegetable oil will not be enough, so other alternatives should be worked out. The main advantage of bio-fuel is its renewability, better quality exhaust gas emission , its biodegradability and given that all the organic carbon present in photosynthetic in origin, it does not contribute to a rise in the level of CO in the atmosphere and consequently to the green house effect. There is no such publication available in the market.

We have compiled all the informations and published it in the form of a book. All the chapters of the book are arranged in a systematic manner. This particular book will be helpful to our Planning Commisioners, Scientists, Ph D Scholars and Students for their successful up to date informations.

Detailed Contents:

Introduction

Implementation
Indian Railways
Andhra Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Ahmednagar
Eastern India
Practices

Methanolysis of Pongamia pinnata (karanja) oil for production of biodiesel

Biodiesel
Transesterification Kinetics and Mechanism
Materials and Experimental Procedure
Materials
Apparatus
Preparation of Potassium Hydroxide-methanol
Solution
Process of Transesterification Reaction
Analyses

Production of Biofuel From Tobacco Plants

Description

Biomethane

Feedstock Production
Biomethane Production
Digestion Process
Digester Types
Biogas purification
Properties and Use of Biomethane

Technology Applications for Biomethane

Infrastructure Requirements for Biomethane
Vehicle Technologies for Biomethane

Biohydrogen

Biohydrogen Processing
Use of Biohydrogen

Isolation and characterization of yeast for bioethanol production, using sugarcane molasses

Significance of the study
Yeast
Yeast and fermentation
Yeast fermentation conditions
Yeast strain selections
Sugar degradation pathways of yeasts
Bioethanol
Raw materials for bioethanol production
Ethanol from sugars
Bioethanol from molasses
Ethanol from starch
Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass
Bioethanol production processes:
Benefits of bioethanol

Conversion of Lignin To Bio-fuels

Enhanced Lignin - to - Gasoline (ELTG) Process
Enhanced Lignin to Naphthenic Kerosene (ELTNK) Process
Enhanced Lignin - to - Aromatic Ethers (ELTE) Process
Integrated Lignin - to - Liquid Fuels (ILTF) Process
Example –Base- Catalyzed Depolymerization (BCD)
Stabilization/Partial Hydrodeoxygenation (SPHDO) of BCD Product
Hydroprocessing (HPR) of BCD-SPHDO product for Production of Aromatic Gasoline Products
Hydroprocessing (HPR) of BCD-SPHDO Product for Production of Naphthenic Kerosene and
Naphthenic Gasoline
Example –Base- Catalyzed Depolymerization (BCD)

Ethanol Production From Solid Citrus Waste

Descriptions

Bio-diesel From Waste Vegetable Oil

What is Bio-diesel?
Advantages of Bio-diesel
Some other advantages are :
How to use Bio-diesel Engines?
Manufacturing Process of Bio-diesel
Dehydration and removal of impurities
Novel Ozonation Process of Waste Cooking Oil
Methylester fuel production flow
Plant showing the Production of diesel oil

Bio-diesel From Coffee Husk Oil

Lipids
Organic Acids
Phenolic Acids
Proteins
Caffeine
Other Nitrogen - containing compounds
Enzymes
Coffee bean oil and wax
Volatile oil
Manufacturing Process of Bio-diesel

Diesel Engine Test For Bio-diesel From Coffee Husk Oil

Alternative to Kerosene

Production of Fuels With Superior Low Temperature Properties From Tall Oil Or Fractionated Fatty Acids

Detailed Description

Renewable Energy Recovery From Msw And Other

Wastes

Biomass to Liquid Fuels

Feedstock Production
BtL Production

Activated Carbon Using the Copyrolysis of

Agricultural and Municipal Solid Wastes

Introduction
Experimental
Materials
Activated carbon preparation
Characterization of Activated carbon
Results and discussion
Thermal analysis of raw materials
Activated carbon yield
Ultimate and proximate composition
Fourier transformation infrared analysis (FTIR)
Methylene Blue adsorption Capacity

Ethanol (Biofuel) From Molasses Introduction

Developments In Bioethanol Production
Technologies
Process steps
Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis
Dilute Acid Hydrolysis
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Cellulase Enzyme Research
Biomass Gasification and Fermentation
Development of Microbes
Raw materials for making bioethanol
Meeting the Ethanol demand for blending
Economics of alcohol production
From sugarcane
From other feedstocks
Ethanol-gasoline blend
Ethanol-diesel blends
Ethanol production from Biomass
Plant Economics of Ethanol (Biofuel)
From Molasses
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials

Production Of Bio-oil For Power Generation From Coffee Husk

Introduction
What Is Bio-diesel?
Manufacturing Process of Bio-diesel
Manufacture and Refining of Coffee Husk Oil
Each process is described in detail as follows
(1) Pre-treatment
(2) Water-oil separation
(3) Primary treatment
(4) Initial Filtration
(5) Secondary Treatment
(6) Secondary Filtration

Bio-diesel From Algae

Factors
Fuels
Biodiesel
Biobutanol
Biogasoline
Methane
Ethanol
SVO
Hydrocracking to traditional transport fuels
Jet fuel
Algae cultivation
Photobioreactors
Closed loop system
Open pond
Algae types
Specific research
Nutrients
Carbon Dioxide
Wastewater
Microalgae as a Feedstock for BiofuelProduction
Algae as a Bioenergy Source
Cultivating Algae for Liquid Fuel Production
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Some results listed in the Close Out Report of
the ASP are
GreenFuel bioreactor in field test
Large-Scale Algae Production
Small-Scale Production
Conclusions
Properties of Algae
Size and Structure
Mostly photosynthetic
Temperature
Light and Mixing
Algal Biodiesel Characteristics & Properties
Characteristics of algae biodiesel that differ from
petro diesel
Biodiesel production from algae
Plant Economics of Bio-diesel From Algae
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials

Ethanol (Biofuel) From Rice Straw

Introduction
Developments In Bioethanol Production
Technologies
Process steps
Technologies
Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis
Dilute Acid Hydrolysis
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Cellulase Enzyme Research
Biomass Gasification and Fermentation
Development of Microbes
Raw materials for making bioethanol
Meeting the Ethanol demand for blending:
Economics of alcohol production:
From sugarcane
From other feedstocks
Ethanol-gasoline blend
Ethanol-diesel blends:
Ethanol production from biomass
Plant Economics Of Ethanol (Biofuel) From Rice Straw
Plant & Machinery

Bio-diesel Extraction From Jatropha, Soyabean, Sunflower, Rice Bran, Algae & Cultivation of Jatropha

Process of Manufacture
Production
Steps in the process
Bio diesel from Rice bran oil
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters from Rice Bran Oil
Acid Catalyzed Trans-esterification of Rice Bran Oil
for Bio-diesel Production
Bio diesel from Waste oils and fats
Production methods
Oil Preparation
Reaction
Base catalysed Mechanism
Process
Production of Biodiesel
Plant Economics of Bio-diesel From Jatropha, Soyabean, Sunflower Etc.

Rectified Spirit And Ethanol From Molasses

Ethyl alcohol
Bioethanol
Biomass for Bio-ethanol
Feedstock Gallons ethanol/dry ton
Review of Technologies for Manufacture of Bioeth
Outline of Process To Manufacture Rectified Spirit
Plant Economics of Rectified Spirit And Ethanol From Molasses

Fuel Ethanol Project Ena (Extra Neutral Alcohol) Specification

Method of Alcohol Production From Grain
Plant Economics of Fuel Ethanol Project

Fuel Oil From Jatropha (Jatropha Bio-diesel Oil Extraction From Jatropha Seed)

Introduction

Ethanol Full (Anhydrous) Grade-i & Ii) Based On Molasses & Potato

Alcohol Based Inustries In India
Manufacturing Process
Plant Economics of Absolute Alcohol (purified
Ethyl Alcohol)From Molasses/Sugar Cane Juice

List of Figures:

Fig. Cascade use of biomass

Fig. -Schematic diagram of transesterification reactor

Fig. -Thin layer chromatographic analysis of karanja

oil (triglycerides) (A) and karanja oil methyl esters (B)

Fig. -(HPLC chromatogram of product of

transesterified karanja oil methyl esters) [TGs:

triglycerides, DGs: diglycerides, MGs:

monoglycerides, and methyl esters, MeLn:

methyl linolate, MeO: methyl oleate, MeP:

methyl palmitate, MeS: methyl state]

Fig. -Ester concentration vs time

(Influence of KOH conc in the yield of methyl esters)

Fig. : Waste materials (waste potatoes) (left) and

maize silage (right) for biogas production

Fig. : Biogas installation with two digesters

(continuously flow type on the left and pug flow

type container on the right) in Germany

Fig : Yeast cell morphology

Fig : Stress factors that effect yeast metabolism

Fig : Metabolism of yeast under aerobic and

anaerobic conditions

Fig. is a flow diagram of a three stage process

for conversion of lignin to mostly liquid alkylaromatics.

Fig. is a flow diagram of a three stage process

for conversion of lignin to liquid monocyclic and

bicyclic napthenes especially suitable for jet or

rocket fuel.

Fig. is a flow diagram of a four stage process

for conversion of lignin to aromatic ether gasoline

blending components.

Fig. is a flow diagram of an integrated process

for conversion of lignin to a variety of liquid

transportation fuels.

Fig. is a GC/MS profile of liquid/solid BCD

products of Example

Fig. is a GC/MS profile of BCD-SPHDO liquid

products of Example

Fig. is a GC/MS profile of BCD-SPHDO-HPR

liquid products of Example

Fig. is a GC/MS profile of BCD-SPHDO-HPR

liquid products of Example showing the mainly

naphthenic reaction products.

Fig. is a GC/MS profile of the BCD-SPHDO

liquid product of Example

Fig. is a GC/MS profile of BCD-SPHDO-HPR

liquid aromatic product of Example .

Fig. shows a block diagram illustrating the

ethanol process in which lominene is removed by

heating using a jet cooker and flash tube/tank

prior to fermentation.

Fig. shows a flow diagram of a typical process.

Fig. Novel Ozonation Process of Waste Cooking Oil

Fig. Methylester fuel production flow

Fig. Demonstrates the sequence of operations

as applied to whole plant oils such as tall oil fatty acid

and rosin.

Fig. Demonstrates the sequence of operations

where tall oil first distilled to remove the

C fraction.

Fig. Demonstrates the sequence of operations

where glyceride-containing feed is first split and then

distilled to remove the C fraction and concentrate

the unsaturated C fraction molecules.

Fig. demonstrates the sequence of operations

where caprylic and caproic acids are purified from

palm or coconut oil prior to esterification.

Fig. is a schematic illustration of a process for

extracting renewable energy from MSW according

to the method;

Fig. is a schematic illustration of a renewable

energy generating plant used in the process; and

Fig. is a schematic perspective view of a rotary

organic digester used in the process.

Fig. : Simplified process of BtL fuel production

Fig. : Slurry produced with the bioliq process

Fig. a, b and c shows the TGA-DSC curves of

raw palm stems, cartons and polystyrene, respectively.

Fig : Macroalgae & Microalgae

Fig. A GreenFuel Technologies bioreactor in

operation. Photos courtesy GreenFuel Technologies.

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