Detailed Project Report on citric acid and lemon oil from lemon

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CITRIC ACID AND LEMON OIL FROM LEMON

[CODE NO.4032]

Citric acid was first isolated from lemon juice and crystallised as a solid by Scheele in 1784. It is found as natural constituent of citrus fruits, pine apples, peaches, figs and other fruits and tissues. The citric acid extracted from these products is known as a "natural citric acid" in contrast to "fermentation citric acid" lemons, limes and pine apples are the principal sources of natural citric acid, which is produced chiefly in Italy, especially Sicily and also in California, Hawai and the West Indies.

It has made the United States self sufficient in respect to the citric acid supply and greatly changes the commerce of the world in citric acid and calcium citrate.

Recent developments in the citric acid fermentation include the change from the older established shallow pan method to a deep tank submerged method.

A group headed by S.M. Martin of the National Research laboratory of Canada has been especially active in the development of the submerged production of citric acid from ferrocyanide-treated beet molasses by Aspergillus Niger.

In Russia, Imshenetskiietal through the use of ultraviolet radiation obtained an A. Niger mutant that produced 16-22% more citric acid than parent strain, which is used in Commercial production of this product. The mutant strain produced 25-30% less mycellium than the parents yet it consumed 26-51% more sucrose per gram of dry mycellium. The yield of citric acid from the sugar consumed varied from 57-74%.

Lemon Essential Oil has a refreshing scent that is thought to stimulate the liver and has a gentle, calming effect. Lemon oil is thought to promote clarity of mind and purpose, as well as generally increasing one's well-being and physical energy.

The oil is produced from the outer peel of the lemon fruit through cold pressing. Lemon is considered one of the lightest in aromatherapy, a nice bright 'top note'.

Lemon oil's aroma is warming, enhancing and invigorating, and studies have shown it to have antidepressant effects. Lemon oil apparently has a significant effect on one's ability to concentrate: During a university study in Japan, various essential oils were diffused into an office. When Lemon Essential Oil was diffused, 54% fewer errors were made, with Jasmine Oil, 33% fewer errors, and with Lavender Oil, 20% fewer. Diffusion of essential oils was found to increase test scores by up to 50% when diffused into study and test-taking areas.

In addition to its uplifting and clarifying nature, emotionally, lemon oil is considered an opener of the heart. It is said to alleviate fears of losing oneself, bringing trust and security.

Lemon essential oil has been shown to eliminate many types of bacteria, and may be the most effective oil for disinfecting a room using a diffuser. It is often used in disinfecting blends. In many European countries, the oil is considered somewhat of a 'cure all', particularly with infectious illness. Lemon Oil also serves well as an insect repellent, alone or in blends.

Like Bergamot and grapefruit oils, the only caution noted is possible phototoxicity - it may make skin to which it is applied more sensitive to sunlight.

Lemon essential oil information

Lemon essential oil is extracted from the Citrus lemon (also known as Citrus Limon), of the Rutaceae family and is also known as cedro oil (which refers to terpeneless oil).

This clean smelling lemon essential oil is not only good for helping you make decisions and to improve your concentration, but cuts down on acidity in the body - thereby assisting the digestion, as well as with rheumatism, arthritis and gout, while also sorting out cellulite, abscesses, boils, carbuncles and acne.

Lemon Oil by virtue of its wide field of application is a medicinal floavour, food flavour, bakery products, carbonated soft drinks its demand is increasing at a considerable pace.

It contains upto 50 % aldehydes mostly citral and is a rich source of vitamin-C,

COST ESTIMATION

Plant Capacity 1,28,197 MT/Day

Land & Building (8000 sq.mt.) Rs. 17 Lac

Plant & Machinery Rs. 10.50 Cr

Working Capital for 1 Month Rs. 5.43 Cr

Total Capital Investment Rs. 20.54 Cr

Rate of Return 42%

Break Even Point 46%

INTRODUCTION

PROPERTIES

TABLE 1. DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS CITRIC ACID SOLUTIONS AT 15OCA

TABLE 2. FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION AND BOILING POINT ELEVATION

OF AQUEOUS CITRIC ACID SOLUTIONSA

TABLE 3. SOLUBILITY OF ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN WATERA

TABLE 4. SOLUBILITY OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AT 25OCA

TABLE 5. SOLUBILITY OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN

SOME ORGANIC SOLVENTS AT 25OCA,B

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

PARTICLE SIZE SPECIFICATIONS:-

SHIPMENT AND STORAGE:-

USES AND APPLICATION OF CITRIC ACID

PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LEMON OIL

OIL PROPERTIES

ORIGIN OF LEMON OIL

EXTRACTION

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

PRECAUTIONS

THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES

USES AND APPLICATION OF LEMON OIL

USES

LEMON ESSENTIAL OIL

BOTANICAL

EXTRACTION

AROMA

AROMATIC

LEMON

DESCRIPTION

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

VARIETIES

CLIMATE

SOIL

PROPAGATION

CULTURE

YIELD

STORAGE

PESTS AND DISEASES

FOOD USES

TOXICITY

OTHER USES

B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS

QUALITY TESTING OF CITRIC ACID

1. DETERMINATION OF CITRIC ACID CONTENT

2. DETERMINATION OF SULPHATED ASH

3. TEST FOR HEAVY METALS (AS PB)

STANDARD LEAD SOLUTION:-

OUTLINE OF THE METHOD

REAGENTS

PROCEDURE

MARKET OVERVIEW OF CITRIC ACID

CONSUMPTION OF CITRIC ACID

EXPORT OF CITRIC ACID

IMPORT OF CITRIC ACID

TOP FIVE EXPORT DESTINATION OF CITRIC ACID (2017-18)

TOP FIVE IMPORT DESTINATION OF CITRIC ACID (2017-18)

MARKET POSITION OF CITRUS OIL AND LEMON OIL

RAW MATERIALS

LEMON:-

COMPOSITION OF LEMON:-

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:-

PREPARATION OF CITRIC ACID FROM LEMON JUICE

USES

SAFETY

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR CITRIC ACID FROM LEMON

METHOD OF EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL

STEAM AND HYDRO DISTILLATION

ABSOLUTES

CO2'S AND SCO2'S

COLD PRESSING

THE PROCESS

CLEANER PRODUCTION INITIATIVE

ADVANTAGES OF THE PROCESS

PROCESS FLOW SHEET OF LEMON OIL

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF JUICE EXTRACTION

TECHNICAL DATA:

PLANT AND MACHINERY SUPPLIERS OR FABRICATORS

PLANT AND MACHINERY SUPPLIERS [GLOBAL]

SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

LEMON

CITRIC ACID CONSULTANTS

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS

02. LAND & BUILDING

03. PLANT AND MACHINERY

04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS

05. FIXED CAPITAL

06. RAW MATERIAL

07. SALARY AND WAGES

08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS

09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL

10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT

11. COST OF PRODUCTION

12. TURN OVER/ANNUM

13. BREAK EVEN POINT

14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE

15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS

16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS

17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS

18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

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