Complete Technology of Biomass, Chemicals from Biomass, Biofuels & Biodiesels Manufacture Hand Book
Complete Technology of Biomass, Chemicals from Biomass, Biofuels & Biodiesels Manufacture Hand Book
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Complete Technology of Biomass, Chemicals from Biomass, Biofuels & Biodiesels Manufacture Hand Book
The Book covers the following chapters: Biochemical Conversion Of Biomass, Ethanol Fermentation, Acetone-Butanol Fermentation, Hydrogen Fermentation, Lactic Acid Fermentation, Silage, Composting, Chemicals From Biomass, Bio-Based Chemicals Value Added Products From Biorefineries, Glycerol From A Biodiesel Process, Production Of First And Second Generation Biofuels, Second Generation Biofuels, Types Of Biorefinery, Types Of Biofuels, Technology Applications For Bioethanol, Conversion Of Local Filamentous Algae Growing, Biofuel Production From Water Hyacinth, Biodiesel Production From Waste Sunflower, Jatropha Oil Production For Biodiesel, Biogas From Jatropha Seedcake, Activated Carbon From Waste Biomass
Preface
Generally, the advancement of industrialization is accompanied by the increase in the production of industrial machines including diesel engines and automobiles, increasing the consumption of the diesel oil used as a fuel. Of various fuels produced, diesel oil is competitive because of its lower cost, but is problematic in that combustion using diesel oil as fuel causes greater pollution than other kinds of fuel. Bio-fuel development in India mainly around the cultivation and processing of Jatropha Plant seeds which are very rich in oil (%). Jatropha provides immediate economic benefit at the local level since it grows well in dry marginal non-agricultural lands. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in alternatives to petroleum-based fuels . The alternative fuels must be technically acceptable , economically competitive, environmentally acceptable and easily available. The need for these fuels arises mainly from the standpoint of preserving global environment and concern about long-term supplies of conventional hydrocarbon based fuels. Among the different possible sources, bio- fuels derived from triglycerides (vegetable oil/ animal fats) present a promising alternative. Although triglycerides can fuel diesel engines their viscosities and poor cold flow properties have led to investigation of various derivatives. Fatty acid methyl esters derived from triglycerides and methanol known as bio-diesel, have received the most attention. Vegetable oils are widely available from a variety of sources. Unlike hydrocarbon based fue, the sulfur content of vegetable oil is zero and hence the environmental damage caused by sulphuric acid is reduced. For this whole world only vegetable oil will not be enough , so other alternatives should be worked out . The main advantage of bio-fuel is its renewability , better quality exhaust gas emission , its biodegradability and given that all the organic carbon present in photosynthetic in origin, it does not contribute to a rise in the level of CO in the atmosphere and consequently to the green house effect. There is no such publication available in the market.
We have compiled all the informations and published it in the form of a book. All the chapters of the book are arranged in a systematic manner. This particular book will be helpful to our Planning Commisioners, Scientists, Ph D Scholars and Students for their successful up to date informations.
Detailed Contents:
Biochemical Conversion of Biomas
- What is biomethanation?
- Feature of biomethanation
- Mechanism of biomethanation
- Current status
Ethanol Fermentation
- General scope
- Ethanol fermentation of saccharine materials
- Ethanol fermentation of starch
- Ethanol fermentation of lignocellulosics
- (a) Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Process
- (b) Dilute Sulfuric Acid Process
Acetone-Butanol Fermentation
- What is acetone-butanol fermentation?
- Characteristics of acetone-butanol fermentation
- Reactions of acetone-butanol fermentation
- Energy efficiency of acetone-butanol fermentation.
- Products of acetone-butanol fermentation
Hydrogen Fermentation
- What is hydrogen fermentation?
- Characteristics of hydrogen fermentation
- Reactions of hydrogen fermentation
- Energy efficiency of hydrogen fermentation
- Products of hydrogen fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
- What is lactic acid fermentation?
- Lactic acid bacteria
- Biomass resources for lactic acid fermentation
- Utilization of unused biomass from palm oil
- industry
- Lactic acid fermentation from kitchen garbage
- Purification of lactic acid
Silage
- What is silage?
- Silage making
- Silage fermentation
- Roll bale silage
- Technological actuality
Composting
- What is composting?
- Basic principles of composting
- Basic elements of composting
- (a) Preprocessing
- (b) Fermentation
- (c) Product forming process
- Current composting technology
Chemicals From Biomass
- Chemicals From Biomass
- Sugar-derived Chemicals
- Syngas derived products
- Overall Outlook
- ,-Furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA)
- -Hydroxypropionic acid (-HPA)
- Derivative Considerations
- Aspartic acid
- Derivative Considerations
- Glucaric acid
Bio-based Chemicals -Value Added Products from Biorefineries
- C containing compounds
- Methane
- Carbon Monoxide
- Methanol
- Formic acid
- C containing compounds
- Ethylene
- Mono-Ethyleneglycol (MEG)
- Other C based building blocks
- C containing compounds
- Lactic Acid
- Ethyl Lactate
- Propylene Glycol (,-Propanediol)
- , Propanediol
- Epichlorohydrin
- Isopropanol
- n-Propanol
- Propylene
- C containing compounds
- Butanol
- Succinic Acid
- C containing compounds
- Furfural
- Levulinic acid
- Isoprene / Farnesene (Biohydrocarbons)
- Xylitol/Arabitol
- C containing compounds
- Sorbitol
- Lysine
- Adipic acid
- Glucaric acid
- Other C based building blocks
- Cn containing compounds
- Polyhydroxyalkanoates
- Fatty Acid derivatives
Glycerol (Medical Grade) from a Bio-Diesel Process
- Phosphoric Reaction Process
- Methanol (or Ethanol) Reclaiming and
- Dehydration Process
- Glycerol Refining Process
Production of First and Second Generation Biofuels
- Biorefinery concept/system
- Conversion processes for first generation biofuels
- Transesterification
- Homogeneous catalysis.
- Heterogeneous catalysis.
- Ethanol conversion processes.
- Fermentation process.
Second generation biofuels
- Conversion processes for second generation
- biofuels
- Physical conversion
- Mechanical extraction.
- Briquetting of biomass.
- Distillation.
- Thermo-chemical conversion
- Direct combustion.
- Gasification.
- Liquefaction
- Pyrolysis.
- Conventional pyrolysis.
- Fast pyrolysis.
- Flash pyrolysis.
- Hydrotreating of vegetable oils/green diesel
- Bio-oil
- FT oil or green motor fuel from biomass
- Bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass
- Chemical conversion
- Chemical hydrolysis
Types of biorefinery
- Green biorefinery
- Forest and lignocellulosic based biorefinery
- Aquatic or algae-based biorefinery
- Integrated biorefinery
Types of Biofuels
- Bioethanol
- Feedstock Production
- Sugar Crops
- Sugar beets
- Sugar cane
- Sweet sorghum
- Starch Crops
- Cereals
- Potatoes
- Cellulosic Feedstock
- Cellulosic wastes
- Bioethanol Production
- Sugar-to-Ethanol Process
- Starch-to-Ethanol Process
- Cellulose-to-Ethanol Process
- Distillation and Dehydration Process
- Properties of Bioethanol
Technology Applications for Bioethanol
- Spark Ignition Engines
- Compression Ignition Engines
- Fuel Cells
Conversion of local filamentous algae growing
- in wastewater into biodiesel
- Collection of filamentous oil-producing algae
- Biodiesel engine testing
- Concluding remarks
Biofuel Production From Water Hyacinth
- (Eicchornia Crassipes)
- Raw Materials for Biodiesel Production:
- Biodiesel Production Process
- Trans esterification reaction:
- Water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes):
- Feedstock Evaluation
- Process Description
Biodiesel Production from Waste Sunflower
- Cooking Oil
- Materials and Methods
- Transesterification reaction
- Biodiesel analysis
- Result and Discussion
- Effect of volumetric ratio
- Analyzing biodiesel achieved under optimum condition
Jatropha Oil Production For Biodiesel
- Oil pressing
- Jatropha fruits and seeds
- Solvent extraction
- Criteria for deciding location of pressing
- Biodiesel production processes
- Technical issues in production of straight
- vegetable oil (SVO)
- Transesterification Process
- Biodiesel fuel standards
- Production of synthetic diesel using gasification and reforming.
Biogas from Jatropha Seedcake
- Jatropha seedcake as fuel (Broader issues of
- deforestation and desertification)
- Use of wood and charcoal
Activated Carbon from Waste Biomass
- Introduction
- Experimental method of biomass pyrolysis
- and char activation
- Biomass properties
- Lab-scale pyrolysis
- Lab-scale activation
List of Tables
Table Compositions of Various Biomass (%).
Table Comparison of materials available for
composting and other recycling technologies
Table Preliminary Economic Screening of the
Glycerol Potential
Table Suggested routes biobased propylene.
Table Market potential of acrylic acid and main
derivates.
Table SWOT-analysis biorefineries
Table Application of oleochemicals.
Table Green diesel fuel properties.
Table Ethanol from renewable lignocellulosic
feedstocks.
Table Fuel properties of ethanol, gasoline,
blended gasoline.
Table Physico-chemical properties of bo-oil
produced from different biomass.
Table : Properties of ethanol
Table : Ethanol production steps by feedstock
and conversion technique
Table : Parameters of bioethanol in comparison
with petrol
Table Determination of acid value and viscosity of
PSCO and WSCO
Table :Characteristics of produced biodiesels in
contrast with standard value
Table Biodiesel Specifications and test methods
of ASTM D and EN standard,
Table Comparison of fuel properties of jatropha oil,
jatropha oil methyl ester and diesel fuel
Table Elemental analysis of different types of
biomass based on dry matters (wt%). not measured
List of figures
Fig. Schematic diagram of biomethanation
Fig. Biomethanation flow of kitchen garbage.
Fig. Ethanol Fermentation by Melle-Boinot Process
Fig. Production process of ethanol and high fructose
syrup from corn.
Fig. Reaction pathway of Asetone-Butanol
fermentation.
Fig. Pathway of hydrogen fermentation
Fig. Lactic acid yield from lactic acid fermentation
with kitchen garbage
Fig. Forage cutting (left) and stack silo (right).
Fig. Cell form (left) and inoculant (right) of
lactic acid bacteria "Chikuso "
Fig. Roll bale silage making (left) and
wrapping (right) of rice straw.
Fig. Concept image of composting process.
Figure Star Diagram of -Hydroxypropionic Acid
Figure Succinic Acid Chemistry to Derivatives
Figure Simplified PFD of Glucose Fermentation to
Succinic Acid
Figure Derivatives of FDCA
Figure Derivatives of -HPA
Figure Aspartic Acid Chemistry to Derivatives
Figure Derivatives of Glucaric Acid
Figure Glutamic Acid and its Derivatives
Figure Itaconic Acid Chemistry to Derivatives
Figure - Derivatives of Levulinic Aid
Derivative considerations
Figure - -HBL Chemistry to Derivatives
Figure - Derivatives of Glycerol
Figure - Sorbitol Chemistry to Derivatives
Figure - Chemistry to Derivatives of Xylitol and
Arabinitol
Fig. Ethylene value chain.
Fig. Market breakdown for propylene glycol
Fig. Potential Succinic acid value chain.
Figure Chemicals derived from levulinic acid.
Figure Examples of commercial fatty acid
derived monomers. TOFA = tall oil fatty acids.
Fig. is a glycerol preparation flow chart according
to the present method
Fig. is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement
of the pre-treatment unit according to the present method
Fig. is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement
of the by-product separator unit according to the present
method
Fig. is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement
of the thin film evaporator unit according to the present
method
Fig. is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement
of the crude glycerol mixture dehydrator unit according
to the present method.
Fig. is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement
of the industrial grade glycerol molecular distillatory
unit according to the present method.
Fig. is a schematic drawing showing the arrangement
of the medical grade glycerol molecular distillatory unit
according to the present metod.
Fig. is a schematic drawing of a public facility
constructed according to the present method.
Fig. Comparison of first, second generation biofuel
and petroleum fuel.
Fig. Biomass as renewable feed stock for
biorefineries.
Fig. Biomass conversion processes.
Fig. Whole crop biorefinery.
Fig. (a) Dry mill process and (b) Wet mill process
Fig. Anaerobic digestion.
Fig. (a) Basic oleochemicals and downstream
oleochemicals and derivatives and (b) basic oleochemicals
and downstream oleochemicals and derivatives production
flow.
Fig. Production of ,-ethanediamine using various
routes.
Fig. Second generation biofuel production
from biomass.
Fig. Thermo-chemical conversion processes.
Fig. Fluidized bed fast pyrolysis ‘‘Green process.
Fig. Biomass based FT synthesis process.
Fig. Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol.
Fig. Supercritical water conversion of biomass
Fig. Green biorefinery
Fig. Forest based and lignocellulosic biorefinery
Fig. Classification of algae species.
Fig. Algae bio-refinery.
Fig. Schematic of an integrated biorefinery.
Fernando et al.
Figure : Process chains for fuel production
Figure : Pathways of different biofuels
Figure : Types of feedstock for ethanol production
Figure : Harvested sugar beets
Figure : Sugar cane plantation (India)
Figure : Plants, seeds and stalks of sweet sorghum
Figure : Different types of starchy crops for
ethanol production
Figure : Blooming potato plants (left) and their starchy
tubes
Figure : Primary cellulosic wastes, such as forest
waste (left) and agricultural residues (right)
Figure : Willow plantation (left) and poplar
leaves (right)
Figure : Sugar mill for bioethanol production from
sugar cane in Brazil
Figure : Grain-to-ethanol-process
Figure : Distillery for bioethanol production
from sugarcane.
Figure : Co-products: bagasse from sugarcane (left)
and rape seed cake (right)
Figure Filamentous algae growing in water treatment
plant launders
Figure Harvested filamentous algae spread on
wooden racks for drying in the open air
Figure X micrographs of filamentous algae
processed by grinding in liquid nitrogen
Figure Powdered filamentous algae after
hammermill processing
Figure Chlorophyll absorption spectrum for
methanol extracts of filamentous algae
Figure Fatty acids converted to fatty acid methyl
esters via a transesterification reaction
Fig. Effect of volumetic ratio of sunflower oil...
Fig. Effect of volumetric ratio of sunflower oil...
Fig. Effect of different catalysts on ester yield...
Fig. Effect of catalyst concentration (Reaction...
Figure Basic schemes for biodiesel production
Figure Small jatropha oil extraction machinery
Figure Crude jatropha oil filtering systems in use
to produce oil clean enough for fuelling modified diesel
motors (in pumps and generators) and vehicles
Fig. Scheme of the pyrolysis reactor. Four pockets
are connected in parallel and wrapped round with an
electric heater. The width of the pockets was mm.
Fig. Scheme of the activation reactor. The reaction
tube can be passed through by steam flow. The case
where the char is inserted has a porous bottom and
can be removed from the tube.
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