complete book on cashew cultivation, cashew organic farming, processing of cashew apple, extraction of cashewnut shell liquid (cnsl) of cashewnut processing technology

The Book Complete Book on Cashew Cultivation, Cashew Organic Farming, Processing of Cashew Apple, Extraction of Cashewnut Shell liquid (CNSL) of Cashewnut Processing Technology covers following chapters:

Cashew Cultivation, Growth and Production of Cashew Nut, Varieties of Cashews, Biodiversity, Varietal Wealth and Molecular Applications In Cashew, Soil and Water Conservation In Cashew,  Propagation and Nursery Management in Cashew, Establishment And Management of Cashew Orchards, Organic Farming in Cashew, Cashew Production Technologies,  Processing and Product Diversification in Cashew Apple, Cashew Nut Processing, Uses of Cashew, Various Methods of Cashew Processing, Cashew Processing Operations, Products Containing Cashew Apple And Cashew Nut (with recipies), Extraction of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, Commercial Uses / Applications of CNSL, Extraction of CNSL by Screw Press,  Determination of Physical Properties of Cashew Nut, Pharmacological properties of cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Processing of Cashew Nut (Anacardium Occidentale L.) And Cashew Nut Shell Liquid With Supercritical Carbon Dioxide And Water, Antimicrobial potency of essential oil from cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) clones, Surprising Benefits of Cashews, Project Profile of Cashew Nut Processing Plant, Project Profile of Cardanol From C.N.S.L. Oil, Project Profile Of Raw Cashew Nut Kernel Processing.

Preface
Cashewnut, an important crop, has upgraded from forest enclave to commercial production through technological improvement with respect to propagation, hybridization, production, storage and transportation. With the increase demand, there is an enhanced interest for the commercialization of this crop. Cashew is commercially grown in the tropics and extensively spread in the sea-belts, adopting to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions, with a temperature range between  25 to 30°C. Once established, the plants become drought resistant  and also depends upon uniform rainfall distribution for about five months and then demanding light over its entire foliage during flush and fruiting season to give a more satisfactory yield.

Cashew, being a highly cross-pollinated crop, produces heterogenous plants when sexually propagated by seeds; resulted in non-uniform in growth, low yielding ability with poor nut character and hence vegetative propagation from the elite mother plant to produce a true plant which starts bearing early with good quality produce.

Cashew provides good quality protein, unsaturated free fatty acids, rich blend of minerals and also many water soluble vitamins and is considered to be an excellent dietary supplement. India is a major producer, exporter and processor of cashew but capacity utilization and processing quality is far from satisfactory and import of raw cashewnut continues.There has been substantial improvement in the development of cultivars, propagation and production technologies. With the advent of propagation technologies, new cultivars, appropriate financial allocation, it has been possible to ensure availability of good quality planting material and adoption of high-yielding cultivars and latest technology.

The book on Cashew presents a complied information on the cashew and its products, covering all aspects including its distribution throughout the world, hybridization, propagation, economics and uses. Different by-products are included in a separate chapter. This manuscript may be useful for students, scholars, biologists and forester for upgrading their knowledge. We are thankful to many authors who has published useful informations from time to time regarding the development of  Cashew  Family, which were consulted during the preparation of this manuscript. Last but not the least, we extend our thanks to all those, who have, directly or indirectly, contributed in bringing out this publication. Our special thanks to Sri Ankur Gupta,Technical Head of Publication Division of EIRI who edited and gave   permission to publish this manuscript. Also we would like to thank Dr. J.Gunasekar, Agro-processing programme manager, ITDG, South Asia, Colombo-, Sri Lanka for his valuable  guidance and suggestion during the preparation of this manuscript.
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Contents
        Cashew Cultivation    
        Etymology    
        Habitat and Growth    
        Cashew nut and shell    
        Vitamins    
        Minerals    
        Other constituents    
        Allergy    
        Cashew oil    
        Cashew shell oil    
        Cashew apple    
        Alcohol    
        Traditional medicine    
        Animal feed    
        Growth and Production of Cashew Nut    
         Introduction    
         Origin and Distribution    
         Botany    
        Varieties of Cashews    
        Selection of Varieties    
        Production of Quality planting material    
        Management of plant canopy architecture    
        Rejuvenation of senile cashew orchards    
        High density planting    
        Soil and water conservation techniques    
        Nutrient management    
        Water management    
        Cashew based cropping systems    
        Pest management    
        Harvesting of nuts and apples    
        Researchable issues    
        Genetic Resource Management:    
        Crop Improvement    
        Crop Management    
        Crop Protection    
        Post - Harvest Technology    
        Transfer of Technology and HRD    
        Policy Issues    
        Challenges Genetic Resources    
        Post-Harvest Technology    
        Biodiversity, Varietal Wealth and Molecular     Applications In Cashew    
        Introduction    
        Diversity in Cashew    
        Cashew Germplasm    
        Recapitulated objectives for crop improvement in
        Cashew    
        Crop improvement in India    
        Crop improvement results at Goa Centre.    
        Promising New Selections:    
        Brazil    
        East and West African countries    
        East and West African countries    
        Tanzania cashew breeding programme    
        Vietnam    
        Constraints in cashew in Vietnam    
        Soil and Water Conservation In Cashew    
        In-situ soil and water conservation    
        Types of Trenches    
        Green Manuring    
        Mulching    
        Propagation and Nursery Management in Cashew    
         Introduction    
         Terminologies    
         Scions for Grafting    
         Root Stock Seedlings for Grafting    
         Softwood Grafting Technique    
         Season of Grafting    
         Management of Grafts in the Nusery    
         Cost of Graft Production    
         Graft Production Under Low
         Cost Polyhouses    
         Generation Of Cashew Planting Material    
        Establishment And Management of Cashew Orchards    
        A) Selection of site and soil management    
        Soil management    
        (i) Filling of natural gullies    
        (ii) Contour bunding    
        (iii) Terracing    
        (iv) Growing cover crop    
        B) Recommended Agro techniques    
        Land preparation and sowing of cover crop seeds    
        Planting    
        After care    
        Terracing and opening catch pit    
        Irrigation and drainage    
        Weeding    
        Mulching    
        Pruning    
        Organic Farming in Cashew    
        Introduction    
        Varieties recommended for organic farming    
        Mid season flowering varieties.    
        Late season flowering varieties.    
        Planting pit and spacing    
        Results of the organic manuring trials    
        Preparation of Vermi compost    
        Nutrient management in organic farming    
        Green manuring    
        Inter and mixed cropping    
        Weed management    
        Management of Tea Mosquito Bug (TMB)    
        Management of Cashew Stem and Root Borer    
        Yield    
        Cashew Production Technologies    
        Introduction    
        Transfer of technology methods adopted by DCR,
        Puttur    
        Participatory Technology Demonstration Plots    
        Thematic campaigns    
        Lessons Learnt    
        Cashew Field Days / Cashew Days    
        Efforts in Capacity Building    
        Production and supply of planting material    
        Extension Efforts    
        Future thrust for transfer of technology    
        Production and productivity profile of cashew farmers    
        Processing and Product Diversification in Cashew Apple    
        Post Harvest Problems    
        Uses of Cashew Apple    
        i) Direct Consumption    
        ii) Primary processing and preservation    
        Ripe cashew apples    
        i) Juice    
        ii) Pulp    
        Cashew apple jam    
        Cashew apple halwa and candy    
        Cashew apple pickle    
        Cashew apple powder    
        Cashew apple waste utilization    
        Primary requirements to start cashew apple
        processing unit    
        Osmo-dehydration    
        Cashew Nut Processing    
        Cashew Production    
        Advantages of sowing    
        Disadvantages of sowing    
        Ground layering    
        Air-layering    
        Young plant mixture    
        Uses of Cashew    
        Uses of cashew nut    
        Uses of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)    
        Uses of cashew apple    
        Using cashew apples in recipes    
        Cashew wine    
        Processing    
        Dried cashew fruits    
        Various Methods of Cashew Processing    
         Cashew processing in Guinea Bissau    
        Cashew processing in Asia    
        Traditional processing in India    
        Open pan roasting    
        Traditional processing in Sri Lanka    
        Pre-heating and peeling    
        Grading    
        Drying    
        Packaging    
        Traditional manual shelling    
        Quality control in shelling    
        Manual peeling    
        Cashew Processing Operations    
        General processing    
        Cleaning, sizing and conditioning    
        Soaking or conditioning    
        Large-scale cleaning and conditioning    
        Roasting and centrifuging    
        Drum roasting    
        The hot oil method    
        Simple hot oil process    
        Shelling    
        Mechanical shelling    
        Development of a cashew nut sheller in India    
        Separation    
        Pre-grading    
        Drying    
        Peeling    
        Rehumidification    
        Infestation    
        Ants grain weevils meal moths    
        Hygiene and safety    
        Food hygiene and the law    
        Food poisoning and its causes    
        Personal hygiene    
        Cleanliness of equipment and the working area    
        Other sources of contamination    
        Packaging and preservation    
        Products Containing Cashew Apple And Cashew Nut (with recipies)    
        Cashew apple fruit chutney    
        Cashew apple pickle    
        Ingredients    
        Method    
        Sweet cashew pickle in oil    
        Ingredients    
        Method    
        Recipes using dried cashew apple powder.    
        Preparation of cashew apple powder    
        Cashew apple sweet cookies    
        Cashew apple masala cookies    
        Cashew apple porridge mix    
        Cashew apple sweet doughnuts    
        Cashew apple masala doughnuts    
        Oil for frying    
        Cashew apple sponge cake    
        Cashew nut vegetable kurma    
        Green mango with cashew nuts and raisins    
        Cashew nut mushroom curry    
        Cashew nut banana cake    
        Extraction of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid    
        Review of Literature     
        Cashew nut     
        Cashew processing     
        Cashew Nut Shell     
        Applications of Cashew Nut Shell (CNS)     
        Properties of Cashew Nut Shell (CNS)     
        Cashew nut shell liquid     
        Chemical Composition of CNSL     
        Anacardic Acid (AA)     
        Cardanol     
        Cardol     
        CNSL manufacturing processes      
        Mechanical method     
        Extraction by Hydraulic press     
        Extraction by screw press method     
        Roasting method     
        Extraction of CNSL by hot oil bath method     
        The CNSL process sequence in basic steps     
        Extraction of CNSL by solvent extraction method     
        Extraction by other methods     
        Effect of preconditioning on extraction of oil     
        Properties of CNSL     
        Applications of CNSL     
        Friction Lining Materials     
        Modified CNSL Resin     
        CNSL based Friction Dust     
        Surface Coatings     
        Foundry Core Oil and Other Chemicals     
        Laminating Resin     
        Rubber Compounding Resins     
        Cashew Cements     
        Epoxy Resins     
        Wood Composites and CNSL based Adhesives     
        Surfactants     
        Industrial Chemicals and Intermediates for
        Chemical Industry     
        Commercial Uses / Applications of CNSL    
        CNSL as a fuel for carbonization     
        Application of Cashew nut shell cake     
        Concluding remarks     
        Extraction of CNSL by Screw Press     
        Influence of shell moisture content on oil extraction     
        Influence of shell size on oil extraction     
        Results were compared with the control     
        Influence of shell size combinations on oil yield     
        Influence of shell preconditioning on oil extraction     
        Influence of Steaming of shells on oil extraction     
        Influence of Heating of shells on oil extraction     
        Extraction of oil by Hot Oil Bath method     
        Comparative Yield of CNSL by screw press and
        hot oil bath method     
        Quality of CNSL (Oil)     
        Determination of specific gravity of CNSL     
        Determination of pH value of CNSL     
        Determination of viscosity of CNSL     
        Determination of ash content of CNSL     
        Determination of calorific value of CNSL     
        Determination of iodine value of CNSL     
        Comparison of qualities of CNSL along with
        Standard specifications     
        Determination of Physical Properties of Cashew Nut    
        Introduction    
        Materials and Methods    
        Collection of Samples    
        Experimentation    
        Size and Shape of Nuts    
        Nut Density    
        Results and Discussion    
        Size and Shape    
        Density    
        Pharmacological properties of cashew
        (Anacardium occidentale)    
        Introduction    
        Morphology and Geographical Distribution of A.                 Occidentale    
        Chemical Compounds Present in A. Occidentale
        And Its Biological Roles    
        Other Features and Processing    
        Contents of Cashew and the Extraction Processes
        of Cashew Liquids    
        Industrial Applications Of The Net Bark of Cashew
        Nuts    
        Processing of Cashew Nut (Anacardium
        Occidentale L) And Cashew Nut Shell Liquid
        With Supercritical Carbon Dioxide And Water    
        Introduction    
        Materials And Methods    
        Materials    
        Apparatus for Extraction    
        Method of Extraction    
        Apparatus for Reaction    
        Method of Reaction    
        Antimicrobial potency of essential oil from
        cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn) clones    
        Introduction    
        Materials and methods    
        Statistical analysis    
        Results and discussion    
        Antimicrobial screening    
        MIC test    
        Surprising Benefits of Cashews    
        Nutritional Value of Cashews    
        Health Benefits of Cashews    
        A Few Words of Caution Regarding Cashews    
        Project Profile of Cashew Nut Processing Plant    
        Business Registration and License    
        Location & Machinery    
        Manufacturing Process    
        Raw Materials    
        Plant Economics of Cashew Nut Processing Plant    
        Fixed Capital    
        Raw Materials    
        Total Working Capital/Month    
        Total Capital Investment    
        Turn Over/Annum    
        Project Profile of Cardanol From Cnsl Oil    
        Cardanol Specification    
        Benefits     
        Cardanol Extraction Process     
        Project Profile Of Raw Cashew Nut Kernel
        Processing    
        Process    
        Steam Roasting    
        Shell Cutting    
        Peeling    
        Grading    
        Packing  

 
List of Tables
Table .. Selected cashew varieties for commercial production    
Table . Recommended dose of Fertilizers to Cashew for different states    
Table .. Comparison of varieties of major cashew growing countries    
Table .. Characteristic features of Tiswadi- (Goa-)    
Table .. Raw nut production trend (Kg/tree) of selected cashew clones of Tanzania under CIP, under no irrigation or no fertilizer application conditions    
Table . Salient features of improved cashew hybrid cultivars of Vietnam (at  years of age)     
Table .: Approximate quantity of nutrients available in soils of different zones (Nutrient kg/ha)     
Table  .: Fertilizer nutrients recommendation in different states (g/tree/year)    
Table .: Influence of organic and inorganic manure coupled with soil and water conservation techniques on nut yield of  years old cashew orchard (kg/ha)    
Table .: Effect of manurial doses on yield five and six years after planting    
Table .: Annual out turn of wet dung from Cattle and Buffalo (in million tones) and nutrient potential of bovine excreta    
Table .: Nutrient status of organic manure (g/kg of manure)                    
Table .: Quantity of organic manures required by adult cashew tree (kg/tree)    
Table .: Time of flowering in different varieties during - (% completion of flowering)    
Table .:  Effect of organic pesticides on the performance of four years old cashew tree (Madk-)    
Table .: Tea mosquito damage score in different farming systems.    
Table .: Variety wise adoption and impact on cashew area                    
Table .: Varietal impact on production and productivity of cashew    
Table .: Classification of farmers based on production and productivity of cashew     
Table .: Adoption index of farmers for cashew production technologies    
Table .: Relationship of cashew production technologies towards cashew production and productivity    
Table .: Contribution of cashew production technologies towards variability in cashew production and productivity    
Table .: ISI Specification of the CNSL IS:     
Table .: Physicochemical characteristics of CNSL     
Table .: USome Physical Properties of Cashew Nut    
Table .: ANOVA    

List of figures
Figure .. (a) Cashew tree with compact canopy ( years
old); (b) Cashew tree with loose canopy ( years old)    
Figure .. Flush of two cashew cultivars as they appear
at the same growth stage.    
Figure . (a). Cashew bisexual flower. (b). Cashew male
flower. (c). Cashew sterile flower.    
Figure . (a). Immature cashew apple and nut;
(b) Mature apple and nut.    
Figure .. Apple, nut and kernels of Tis- selection    
Figure .. Fruit bunch, apples and nuts of Selection
Ganje-    
Figure .. Apple, nut and kernels of Selection KN-/    
Figure .: Inarching.    
Figure .: Inarching.    
Figure .: Cross section of a cashew fruit.    
Figure .: Pan roasting.    
Figure .: Overview of cashew nut processing.    
Figure .: Medium-scale cleaning.    
Figure .: Diagram of a drum roaster fired from a
furnace below    
Figure .: Cashew shelling machine.    
Figure .: Diagram of as tray dryer.    
Figure . Cashew fruits on the tree    
Figure . Cashew apple and cashew nut     
Figure . Cashew nut, Cashew kernel and Cashew
nut shell     
Figure . Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)     
                   Figure . Structure of Anacardic Acid     
Figure . Structure of Cardanol     
Figure . Structure of Cardol     
Figure . Flow diagram of a CNSL extraction process
by screw press     
Figure . Flow diagram of a CNSL extraction process
by hot oil bath method      
Figure . Ripe Cashew Fruit    
Figure . Young Cashew Nuts    
Figure . Cashew nuts as a Snack