The Complete Technology Book on Herbicides, Fungicides, Nematicides, Weedicides and other Agro Chemicals with Formulations

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The Complete Technology Book on Herbicides, Fungicides, Nematicides, Weedicides and other Agro Chemicals with Formulations

Herbicides are used to control weeds in crops. Up to % of all pesticides sold are herbicides and they are used in most crop production systems. Weed control is one of the most effective practices to increase yields. Herbicides can be selective, killing the weeds but not the crop, such as atrazine in corn or trifluralin in soybeans. Other herbicides, such as glyphosate or paraquat, are non-selective, killing all plants they contact except those genetically engi-neered to be resistant to that particular herbicide or those that have developed resistance due to selection by the herbicide. Many herbicides have relatively low toxicity to insects, fish, or animals because they target specific enzyme systems found only in plants . This is particularly true for newer herbicides.

Fungicides are used to control fungi which cause disease in crops. They are applied to seeds, to soil, or to the crop to prevent or slow disease when condi-tions are favorable for the fungus. Fungicides are used primarily on high-value food crops and in turf and ornamental plant maintenance. They generally kill the fungal spores before they can germinate and infect the plant. Fungicides such as benomyl, metalaxyl, and chlorothalonil are used for a wide variety of crops, turf, and ornamental plants.

Nematicides are targeted at nematodes which infect plant roots and stunt or kill the crop. They are always applied to the soil as that is where the target occurs. Nematicides are generally non-selective, killing most everything they contact in the soil.

AUTHOR

The Book covers the chapters on Herbicides: The Production of Phenoxy Herbicides, Synthesis, Solid and Solution Studies of Paraquat Dichloride Calixarene Complexes, Herbicides Applications: Problems and Considerations, Preparation of bromacil/diuron complex, Process for the preparation of glyphosate and glyphosate derivatives, Process for preparation of substituted phenylureas, Fungicides, Novel Fungicide Fenpyrazamine, Macrocyclic Compounds as Fungicides, Process for reducing the proportions of by products in the preparation of carbendazim, Nematicides, Chemical control of nematodes: efficiency and side-effects, Stabilization and use of propargyl bromide, Sodium Trithiocarbonate, Agricultural Impact of Nematodes, Process for preparing environmentally safe dicofol and its formulations, Process for synthesizing chloropicrin, Weedicides, Agrochemical oil compositions comprising alkylpolysiloxane adjuvants of high silicone character, Plant Economics of Emulsifier For Pesticides, Plant Economics of Aerosol Insecticide Spray Baygon, Hit, Mortein, Hexit Type, Plant Economics of Weedicide.

Contents

Herbicides: The Production of Phenoxy Herbicides

Introduction
Uses of ,-D
Reactions
The Manufacturing Process
Production of ,-dichlorophenoxyacetate
Conversion to active species
Production of ,-dichlorophenoxy ethyl hexyl ester
Formulation - making a user product
Environmental Implications

Synthesis, Solid and Solution Studies of Paraquat Dichloride Calixarene Complexes

Introduction
Results and Discussion
Synthesis and characterisation of paraquat calixarene molecular complexes

Herbicides Applications: Problems and Considerations

Considerations
Weed factors
Weed identification
Weed morphology and herbicide application
Weed height and vegetative mass
Crop factors
Crop species /varieties
Crop growth and herbicide tolerance
Crop morphology
Herbicide factors
Herbicide status and type
Time of application
Herbicide formulations
Labels and technical pamphlets
Herbicide resistance and selection pressure
Sprayers and calibration

Preparation of bromacil/diuron complex

Description
Examples

Process for the preparation of glyphosate and glyphosate derivatives

Process for preparation of substituted phenylureas

Examples
Formulation Using Trial Pine Oil and Tall Oil
Treatments No
% dilution.
(sample containers with red caps)
Application Detail
Application at l/ha
Summary Results Trial
Method

Fungicides

What are Fungicides?
Why are Fungicides Needed?
Role of Fungicides in Disease Management
Application Methods
Types of Fungicides and Definitions

Novel Fungicide Fenpyrazamine

Introduction
Discovery
Discovery of a Lead Compound
Discovery of Compound C
Discovery of Fenpyrazamine
Manufacturing Methods
Biological Effects
Antifungal Spectrum
Physical Properties and Formulation
Physical Properties
Formulation

Macrocyclic Compounds as Fungicides

Introduction
Research of the cyclododecanone derivatives

Process for reducing the proportions of by products in the preparation of carbendazim

Description
Methods
Method Wheat Mildew
Method Barley mildew
Fungicide

Nematicides

Chemical Based
Carbofuran
Benomyl
Carbosulfan
Phorate
Chlorpyrifos
Triazophos
Organic based

Chemical control of nematodes: efficiency and side-effects

Introduction
Chemical control of nematodes
The demand
Efficacy
Side-effects

Stabilization and use of propargyl bromide

Description
Examples

Sodium Trithiocarbonate

Preparation of Cyclic Trithiocarbonates

Agricultural Impact of Nematodes

Agricultural Impact of Nematodes
Specific Nematicides: An Introduction
Fumigants
D-D
,-Dichloropropene
Ethylene Dibromide
,-Dibromo--Chloropropane

Process for preparing environmentally safe dicofol and its formulations

Structural formula
Molecular formula: CHClO
Objectives
Description

Process for synthesizing chloropicrin

Metam Sodium, Dazomet, and Methyl
Isothiocyanate (MITC)
Methyl Isothiocyanate [Isothiocyanic Acid,
Methyl Ester)]
Procedure
Notes
Discussion
Sodium Tetrathiocarbonate
Carbamates
Aldicarb
Aldoxycarb
Carbofuran
Oxamyl

Weedicides

Preparation and evaluation of atrazine
immunoconjugate
Introduction
Materials and methods
Chemicals
Apparatus
Synthesis of Hapten
Preparation of the enzyme tracer
Elisa (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent
Assay) development
Results and discussion
Hapten Synthesis
Elisa

Agrochemical oil compositions comprising alkylpolysiloxane adjuvants of high silicone character

Field of the Invention
Object of the Invention
Background of the Invention
Description of the Invention
Experimental Materials
Methylated Vegetable Oils
Fungicides
Surface Tension
HSCAS-I
HSCAS-
LMAS-I (Comparative)
LMAS- (Comparative)
LSCAS-I (Comparative)
APES-I (Comparative)
PES-I (Comparative)
PES- (Comparative)
Spread Assignment

Plant Economics of Emulsifier For Pesticides

Plant Economics of Aerosol Insecticide Spray Baygon, Hit, Mortein, Hexit Type

Plant Economics of Weedicide

List of Tables

Table - A selection of commercial herbicides containing phenoxy herbicides

Table . Antifungal activity of fenpyrazamine

Table . Physical and chemical properties of Fenpyrazamine

Table . Physical and chemical properties of PIXIORDF

Table . Acute toxicity summary of fenpyrazamine

Table . Subacute and chronic toxicity summary of fenpyrazamine

Table . Developmental and reproductive toxicity summary of fenpyrazamine

Table . Neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity summary of fenpyrazamine

Table . Mutagenicity summary of fenpyrazamine

Table . Ecotoxicological summary of fenpyrazamine on non-target organisms

Table . Domestic registration of fenpyrazamine (PIXIORDF)

Table . Fungicidal activity of compounds , and against R. Solani

Table . Fungicidal spectrum of a (a mixture of Z and E isomer)

Table : Examples of Recommended Nematicidal Dosages And Treatments For Some Important Crops

List of figures

Fig. Fresh solutions of a) × - M HbL, b) . × - M paraquat dichloride and c) × - M compound in chloroformacetonitrile, v/v: : Inset: the spectra of HbL

Fig. . Selective control of Ammi majus L. in onion with post-planting treatment of oxadiazon. Treated onion rows (left) and untreated rows (right).

Fig. . Selective control of broad-leaved weeds by , -D in wheat field.

Fig. .. Weed population shift to narrow-leaved weeds (Mainly bulbous barley, Hordeum bulbosum L.) resulted from continuous application of broad-leaf killers in olive orchard.

Fig. .. Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) grown in strips after escaped from control by , -D in wheat due to low boom height level.

Fig. .. Toxicity symptoms on Jute (Chorchorus olitorius L.) resulted from ,-D traces left in the sprayer tank used for insecticide application. Plants showed abnormal growth (malformed leaves, twisting and yellowing).

Fig . Chemical structure of fenpyrazamine

Fig. . Structure-activity relationship of aminopyrazolinone derivatives

Fig . Discovery of fenpyrazamine

Fig . Synthesis route of fenpyrazamine

Fig . Dispersibility of PIXIORDF in water several tens of seconds after treatment

Fig. . Chemical structure of several monosubstituted cyclododecane derivatives

Fig. . Z and E isomers of compounds and Synthesis and Structure of atrazine carboxylic derivative for conjugation to a linked enzyme.

Figure . Analytical curve of ELISA used to evaluate the binding of Hp-HRP conjugate. Microplates coated with fixed concentration of the antibodies mg mL– were exposed to differents concentrations of conjugated

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