Detailed Project Report on led bulbs, tubes, panel light, down light etc.

LED BULBS, TUBES, PANEL LIGHT, DOWN LIGHT, SPOT LIGHT, STREET LIGHT, FLOOD
LIGHT AND BAY LIGHT MANUFACTURING
[CODE NO.3101]  

Light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconducting device that emits light when

electrical current is applied to the device. LEDs are said to be the future

light source because of their low energy usage and efficiency. The advantages

of LEDs are that they are very robust, have a very long lifetime or up to

50,000 hours, they are easily dimmable and fail by dimming over time, rather

than burn off like incandescent light bulbs. LEDs cause less glare irritation

because of the smaller beam angle of the luminaire. LEDs are very common as

indicator lights in electrical equipment and recently in higher power

applications such as flashlights and artificial lighting. The colour of the

light depends on the composition and condition of the semiconducting material

used. It can be infrared, visible or ultraviolet. Blue, green and red LEDs can

be used to produce most perceptible colours, including white.

Today, after many years of development, the LEDs on the market are now emitting

white light in different colour temperatures as well as an advanced RGB control

to produce coloured light to capture different moods for various aspects.

Because of the huge potential of LED technology and the constant improvements

in the quality (e.g. colour rendering), it can be predicted that the use of

LEDs will become more common in both homes and offices with the advantage of

energy savings due to their efficiency and long lifetime. Another advantage of

using LED is it does not contain Hg, which is not an eco-friendly chemical and

has adverse effect on human body.

What is light emitting diode?

The pn junction diode, which is specially doped and made of special type of

semiconductor, emits light when it is forward biased is called light emitting

diode.

Working principle of light emitting diode

To understand the working principle of light emitting diode, we first have to

understand a basic of quantum theory. According to this theory, when an

electron comes down from its higher energy level to lower energy level, it

emits energy in form of a photon. The energy of this photon is equal to the

energy gap between these two energy levels. When a pn junction diode is forward

biased, current flows through the diode. Flow of current through the

semiconductor is caused by both flow of free electrons in opposite direction of

current and flow of holes in the direction of current. Hence during flow of

these charge carriers, there will be recombinations. Recombination mean

electrons in condition band jump down to the valence band. During this jump

electron will emit electromagnetic energy in form of photons whose energy is

equal to forbidden energy gap Eg. Again according to quantum theory, energy of

a photon is the product of frequency of electromagnetic radiation and Planck

constant.    Where h is Planck constant Again velocity of electromagnetic

radiation is fixed and it is equal to the speed of light i.e. c. The frequency

of radiation f is related to velocity of light as f = c / ?. Where ? is

wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation. Hence from equation (1) So we have

seen that wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to

the forbidden energy gap. In normal silicon, germanium semiconductor this

forbidden energy gaps between condition and valence band are such that entire

radiation of electromagnetic wave during recombinations is in the form of

inferred radiation. The wavelengths of the inferred are out of our visible

range so we can not see it. Inferred electromagnetic radiation is nothing but

heat. This is because, silicon and germanium semiconductor are not direct gap

semiconductor rather these are indirect gap semiconductor. In indirect gap

semiconductor the maximum energy level of valence band and minimum energy level

of conduction band do not occur at same momenta of electrons. Hence during

recombinations of electrons and holes that is migration of electrons from

conduction band to valence band the momentum of electrons would be changed.


COST ESTIMATION

Plant  Capacity                             :       LED BULBS, TUBES, PANEL LIGHT ETC.
Land & Building (900 Sq.MT)    :    Rented
Plant & Machinery                       :    Rs. 10.00 Lacs
Working Capital for 3 Months    :    Rs.  5.27  Cr
Total Capital Investment            :    Rs.  5.66  Cr
Rate of Return                             :    66%
Break Even Point                        :    31%
   
                        
INTRODUCTION    
APPLICATION OF LED OR LIGHT EMITTING DIODE    
ADVANTAGES OF LED OR LIGHT EMITTING DIODE    
TYPES OF LED LIGHT    
TYPES OF LED BULB    
TOP 10 BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTING    
DRAW BACK OF LED LIGHT    
USES AND APPLICATION    
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION    
MARKET SURVEY    
SWOT ANALYSIS    
EXPORTS OF LED LIGHT    
EXPORTS OF LIGHT BULB LED    
ANALYSIS OF IMPORTS OF LED LIGHT    
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF LED TUBE LIGHT    
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF LED BULB    
MANUFACTURING PROCES    
ASSEMBLING PROCESS    
QUALITY CONTROL    
FOR INDOOR LIGHT    
PLANT LAYOUT    
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY FOR LED TUBE AND BULB    
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
    
APPENDIX – A:

 1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS      
 2.      LAND & BUILDING                                      
 3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY                                  
 4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT                             
 5.      RAW MATERIAL                                         
 6.      SALARY AND WAGES                                     
 7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS                              
 8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL                                
 9.      COST OF PRODUCTION                                   
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS                               
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT                                     
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE                           
13.      INTEREST CHART                                       
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART                                   
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT                                   
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET