Detailed Project Report on liquid bromine

LIQUID BROMINE
[CODE EIRI/EDPR/3701]  

It  is  a  deep red fuming liquid,  member  of  the  halogen elements  as  Group VII of the periodic table that is  liquid  at ordinary  temperature  and pressure. A rare  element  bromine  is found  in,  nature dispersed throughout the earth crust  only  in compounds  such  as  soluble and insoluble  bromides.  The  chief commercial  source  of  bromine is ocean water,  from  which  the element is extracted by means of chemical replacement (oxidation) by   more  active  chlorine.  Bromine  has   traditionally   been manufactured   as  a  byproduct  from  saline  mother   liquors (bitterns)  left  after  the crystallization  of  the  main  salt products.

The  properties of bromine are significantly different  from those  of  fluorine and chlorine. Discovered in  the  early  19th century,  in  the form of its salts (bromides)  in  the  bitterns remaining  after evaporating sea water and extracting the  sodium chloride, it was obtained latter from stassfurt, Germany, as a by product  in  the  production of potassium salts  and  from  other deposits and salt lakes.

Its main use was originally for bromides in medicine still a minor  use. Bromine first because of industrial  importance  with the  development  of modern photographic process,  in  which  the light  sensitive material is an emulsion of minute  particles  of silver bromide (together with silver chloride or iodide or  both) in gelatine.

For  a  time,  the  expanding  world  automobile   industry. Threatened  a  scarcity of bromine, obtained from  brines,  which contained  about  0.5  %  bromine. To meet  the  demand,  it  was necessary  to  turn  to sea water which  contains  about  70  ppm bromine.

COST ESTIMATION


Plant Capacity            10 MT/Day       
Land & Building (4000 sq.mt.)      Rs. 1.87 Cr         
Plant & Machinery                      Rs. 2.10 Cr     
Working Capital for 1 Month     Rs. 3.07 Cr
Total Capital Investment              Rs. 7.35 Cr
Rate of Return            48%                   
Break Even Point             43%                


INTRODUCTION    
PROPERTIES    
USES & APPLICATION    
USES AND SOURCES OF BROMINE    
SOURCES OF BROMINE    
MARKET OVERVIEW OF BROMINE    
BROMINE MARKET DEMAND & REVENUE    
IMPORT DATA OF LIQUID BROMINE    
EXPORT DATA OF LIQUID BROMINE    
RAW MATERIAL SECTION    
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHLORINE HANDLING     
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS    
SCOPE     
REQUIREMENTS     
TABLE - 1: REQUIREMENTS FOR BROMINE, TECHNICAL    
PACKING & MARKETING    
PACKING    
MARKING    
SAMPLING    
ANALYSIS OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL    
DETERMINATION OF BROMINE    
DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE    
DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER    
TEST FOR IODINE    
ZINC DUST    
TEST FOR SULPHATES    
SAMPLING OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL    
NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE DRAWN FOR SAMPLING    
LOCATION OF THE PLANT    
HEALTH & SAFETY FACTORS    
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF LIQUID BROMINE    
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM    
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF BROMINE    
BROMINE-GENERATING STEP    
BROMINE SEPARATION STEPS    
1. CONDENSATION    
2. SEPARATION    
3. PURIFICATION AND DRYING    
PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS    
PROCESS IN DETAILS OF BROMINE PRODUCTION    
THE BROMINE-GENERATING STEP    
RESIDUAL ORGANIC MATTER FOUND IN DEAD SEA WATER    
SIDE-REACTIONS OCCURRING IN THE REACTION TOWER    
1. CONDENSATION    
2. SEPARATION    
3. PURIFICATION    
MANUFACTURE OF LIQUID BROMINE    
PROCESS DETAILS    
THE FOUR PRINCIPAL STEPS IN BROMINE PRODUCTION ARE    
STEAMING OUT PROCESS    
DOW PROCESS    
SAFETY IN BROMINE PLANT    
SAFE HANDLING OF BROMINE LEAKAGE    
SAFE STORAGE OF BROMINE    
SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF BROMINE    
THE BROMINE STORAGE TANK SIGN IS AS FOLLOWS:    
RAW MATERIALS    
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS    
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY    
SUPPLIERS OF HEAT EXCHANGER    
SUPPLIERS OF CONDENSER    
SUPPLIERS OF DISTILLATION COLUMN    
SUPPLIERS OF STORAGE VESSEL (STORAGE TANKS)    
SUPPLIERS OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS    
SUPPLIERS OF D.G. SETS    
SUPPLIERS OF BOILERS    
SUPPLIERS OF EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)    
SUPPLIERS OF INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS    
GOVT. LICENSE DETAILS FOR LIQUID BROMINE PLANT      


APPENDIX – A:

01.    PLANT ECONOMICS    
02.    LAND & BUILDING     
03.    PLANT AND MACHINERY    
04.    OTHER FIXED ASSESTS    
05.    FIXED CAPITAL    
06.    RAW MATERIAL    
07.    SALARY AND WAGES    
08.    UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS    
09.    TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL    
10.    TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT    
11.    COST OF PRODUCTION    
12.    TURN OVER/ANNUM    
13.    BREAK EVEN POINT     
14.    RESOURCES FOR FINANCE    
15.    INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS    
16.    DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS    
17.    PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS    
18.    PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)