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    Detailed Project Report on liquid oxygen bottling plant

    Detailed Project Report on liquid oxygen bottling plant
    Detailed Project Report on liquid oxygen bottling plant
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      LIQUID OXYGEN BOTTLING PLANT
      [CODE NO.4022] 
       
       
      Liquid oxygen is a cryogenic liquid. Cryogenic liquids are liquefied gases that have a normal boiling point below -238°F (-150°C). Liquid oxygen has a boiling point of -297.3°F (-183.0°C). Because the temperature difference between the product and the surrounding environment is substantial—even in the winter—keeping liquid oxygen insulated from the surrounding heat is essential. The product also requires special equipment for handling and storage. Oxygen is often stored as a liquid, although it is used primarily as a gas. Liquid storage is less bulky and less costly than the equivalent capacity of high-pressure gaseous storage.
       
      A typical storage system consists of a cryogenic storage tank, one or more vaporizers, a pressure control system, and all piping necessary for the fill, vaporization, and supply functions. The cryogenic tank is constructed, in principle, like a thermos bottle. There is an inner vessel surrounded by an outer vessel. Between the vessels is an annular space that contains an insulating medium, from which all the air has been removed. This space keeps heat away from the liquid oxygen held in the inner vessel. Vaporizers convert the liquid oxygen into a gaseous state. A pressure control manifold then controls the gas pressure that is fed to the process or application. Vessels used in liquid oxygen service should be designed according to ASME codes for the pressure and temperatures involved. Piping design should follow similar codes, as issued by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
       
       
      Health Effects
       
      Normally air contains 21% oxygen and oxygen is essentially nontoxic. No health effects have been observed in people exposed to concentrations up to 50% at 1 atmosphere for 24 hours or longer. The inhalation at 1 atmosphere of 80% oxygen for more than 12 hours can cause irritation of the respiratory tract, progressive decrease in vital capacity, coughing, nasal stuffiness, sore throat, and chest pain, followed by tracheobronchitis and later by pulmonary congestion and/or edema. Inhalation of pure oxygen at atmospheric pressure or less can cause pulmonary irritation and edema after 24 hours. Respiratory symptoms can occur in two to six hours at pressures above 1 atmosphere. One of the earliest responses of the lung is accumulation of water in its interstitial spaces and within the pulmonary cells. This can cause reduced lung function, which is the earliest measurable sign of toxicity.
       
      Other symptoms include fever, and sinus and eye irritation. When pure oxygen is inhaled at pressures greater than 2 or 3 atmospheres, a characteristic neurological syndrome can be observed. Signs and symptoms include nausea, dizziness, vomiting, tiredness, light-headedness, mood changes, euphoria, confusion, incoordination, muscular twitching, burning/ tingling sensations particularly of the fingers and toes, and loss of consciousness. Characteristic epileptic-like convulsions, which may be preceded by visual disturbances, such as loss of peripheral vision, also occur. Continued exposure can cause severe convulsions that can lead to death. The effects are reversible after reduction of oxygen pressure.
       
      Premature infants placed in incubators to breathe oxygen in concentrations greater than in air can develop irreversible eye damage. Within six hours after an infant is placed in a high-oxygen atmosphere, vasoconstriction of the immature vessels of the retina occurs, which is reversible if the child is immediately returned to air, but irreversible if oxygen-rich therapy is continued. Fully developed blood vessels are not sensitive to oxygen toxicity. Extensive tissue damage or cryogenic burns can result from exposure to liquid oxygen or cold oxygen vapors.
       
       
      COST ESTIMATION
       
       
      Plant Capacity            1000 Cylinder/Day  
      Land & Building (1000 sq.mt.)  Rs. 69 Lac    
      Plant & Machinery                    Rs. 1.90 Cr 
      Working Capital for 2 Months    Rs. 83 Lac 
      Total Capital Investment          Rs. 4.27 Cr 
      Rate of Return                          39%
      Break Even Point                      63%
       
       
      INTRODUCTION
      HEALTH EFFECTS
      PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTICS
      PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
      OXYGEN IS COLOURLESS, ODORLESS AND TASTELESS.
      PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN
      BOILING POINT
      CRITICAL POINT
      LIQUID
      SOLUBILITY, ML O2 AT STP PER ML H2O
      GRADES OF OXYGEN
      HAZARD
      LIQUID OXYGEN
      CONTAINERS
      USES & APPLICATIONS
      CHEMICALS
      EXPLOSIVES
      OTHER USES
      METAL GAS WELDING, CUTTING AND BRAZING
      METAL INDUSTRY
      CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
      OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
      FISH FARMING
      GLASS INDUSTRY
      WASTE MANAGEMENT
      B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
      INDIAN STANDARDS:
      SPECIFICATION OF OXYGEN GAS
      GRADE A
      GRADES B AND C
      COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, OXYGEN COMMODITY SPECIFICATIONS
      MARKET OVERVIEW OF OXYGEN
      MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS/EXPORTERS OF OXYGEN
      RAW MATERIALS
      SAFETY, HANDLING AND STORAGE OF LIQUID OXYGEN
      CONTAINERS
      SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
      HANDLING AND STORAGE
      PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
      MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF LIQUID OXYGEN
      LIQUID OXYGEN:-
      SHIPPING METHODS OF OXYGEN:-
      CONTAINER'S AND REGULATION:-
      PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
      ADSORPTION AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY FOR OXYGEN GEREELANCE
      ADSORPTION PRINCIPLE
      TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE INFLUENCE
      PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
      ADSORPTION OXYGEN PLANTS
      MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
      INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE TODAY
      MEMBRANE OPERATION PRINCIPLE
      MEMBRANE CARTRIDGE
      COMPRESSOR AND VACUUM TECHNOLOGIES
      PROCESS IN DETAILS
      PRETREATING
      SEPARATING
      PURIFYING
      DISTRIBUTING
      MANUFAFACTURING PROCESS OF OXYGEN GAS CYLINDER
      PLANT AND MACHINERY REQUIRED
      TESTING EQUIPMENT
      MANUFACTURE OF OXYGEN FROM HIGH TEMPERATURE STEAM
      METHOD
      NON CRYOGENIC AIR SEPARATION PROCESSES FOR OXYGEN
      NITROGEN OR OXYGEN GENERATION USING PRESSURE SWING 
          ADSORPTION (PSA)
      OXYGEN BY VACUUM-PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION 
           (VPSA, VSA OR PVSA)
      NITROGEN MEMBRANE SYSTEMS
      PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
      MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE 
          SERVICE ARE:
      PRIMARY FACTORS
      1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
      2. MARKETS:
      3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
      4. WATER SUPPLY:
      5. CLIMATE:
      6. TRANSPORTATION:
      7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
      8. LABOR:
      9. REGULATORY LAWS:
      10. TAXES:
      11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
      12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
      13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
      14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
      EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
      1. DEPRECIATION:
      2. FIXED ASSETS:
      3. WORKING CAPITAL:
      4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
      5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
      6. MARGIN MONEY:
      7. TOTAL LOAD:
      8. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
      PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
      INTRODUCTION
      PROJECT HANDLING
      PROJECT SCHEDULING
      PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
      TIME SCHEDULE
      SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES
      SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIAL
      SUPPLIERS OF EMPTY CYLINDER
      SUPPLIERS OF LUBRICATING OIL
       
       
      APPENDIX – A:
       
      01. PLANT ECONOMICS
      02. LAND & BUILDING
      03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
      04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
      05. FIXED CAPITAL
      06. RAW MATERIAL
      07. SALARY AND WAGES
      08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
      09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
      10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
      11. COST OF PRODUCTION
      12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
      13. BREAK EVEN POINT
      14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
      15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
      16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
      17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
      18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
       
       
       

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