Manufacture of Pesticides and Insecticides with Processes and Formulations

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Manufacture of pesticides and insecticides with processes and formulations

Agricultural pesticides are chemicals which are used to protect crop. They are generally divided into four categories according to the target pests:

Insecticides are targeted at insect pests. There are many kinds of insecticides in use today. They may be applied to the soil to protect roots, seeds, or seedlings. They may also be applied to the crop to protect stems, leaves, or fruit. Some of the most common insecticides include chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and carbaryl. Many insecticides kill the insects by disrupting their nervous system, resulting in paralysis and death. Unfortunately, they can have the same effect on non- target insects or fish and animals if enough of the applied product drifts or washes from the field.

Pests have affected crop production since man first started planting seeds. Crop damage from insects, fungi, and weeds can reduce yields and crop quality or even kill the crop in some cases. As a result, farmers have always sought ways to reduce this damage. Pest control using chemicals such as sulfur or plant extracts has been around for thousands of years. The first synthetic pesticides were discovered in the late s and early s and thousands have been developed since.

Pesticide use became widespread in part because the early results were so promising. Pests which farmers had battled for centuries seemed to be elimi-nated quickly and easily with these sprays. In many cases, less labor was required to produce a crop since hand or mechanical weeding was no longer necessary. As a result, yields increased and more acres could be managed by a farmer.

In this book we have explained chapterwise one by one in a very simle manner to understand students,scientists and agriculturist. The book containg various chapters on Pesticides and Insecticides which helps the budding students and entrepreneurs to set up and expand their existing units.

We finally want to thank “Engineers India Research Institute’ who gives us the platform to show our talent.

The Book covers Pesticides, Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticides, Identity of pesticides, Physical Properties of Pesticides, Chemical properties of Pesticides, Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Technology of Acephate, Manufacturing Technology of Aluminium Phsophade, Manufacturing technology of Captafol, Manufacturing Technology of Cypermethrin, Manufacturing Technology of DVA chloride, Manufacturing Technology of Dimethoate, Manufacturing Technology of Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (, - D), Manufacturing Technology of Dichlorvos (DDVP), Manufacturing Technology of Ethion, Manufacturing Technology of Endosulphan, Manufacturing Technology of Fenvalerate, Manufacturing Technology of DDPA Preparation Dem Preparation, Manufacturing Technology of Monocrotophos, Manufacturing Technology of Isoproturon, Manufacturing Technology of Phosalone, Manufacturing Technology of Phorate, Manufacturing Technology of Phosphamidon,Manufacturing Technology of Zinc Phosphide, Air Pollutants From Pesticide Industry, New pesticide molecules, formulation technology and uses, Pesticidal Composition Comprising Sulphur, Acaricide and an Agrochemical Excipient, Process for commercial production of biopesticides, Biopesticide composition and process for controlling insect pests, Insecticides, Extraction of Pyrethrins From Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium, Production of natural insecticide from Neem leaves, New approach to synthesis of insecticide Sevin, Chlorpyrifos Synthesis via Interfacial Catalysis, Preparation of chlorpyrifos microcapsules, Preparation of benzene hexachloride, An Improved Process for Preparation of Triazophos, Nondusty spray dried mancozeb water-dispersible granules and the process for their production, Steroid insecticide extracted from kaladana and process, Plant Economics of Organic Pesticide,Plant Economics of Bio-pesticides (Mineral Oil Based) For Killing White Flies, Mini Bugs Etc., Plant Economics of Aerosol-Pesticides, Plant Economics of Insecticides From Neem Seeds, Neem Oils & Neem Leaves, Plant Economics of Pest Control (Insecticides For Rats, Termites, Rodents, Cockroaches, Moths Etc.), Plant Economics of Aerosol Insecticide Spray (Baygon, Hit, Mortein, Hexit Type)

Contents

Pesticides

Pesticide Formulations
Introduction
Liquid Formulations
Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)
Ready-to-Use Low Concentration Solutions (RTU)
Ultra-Low Volume (ULV)
Invert Emulsions
Flowables (F)/Liquids (L)
Aerosols (A)
Ready-to-use aerosol insecticide.
Liquid Baits
Dry or Solid Formulations
Dusts (D)
Baits (B)
Granules (G)
Pellets (P or PS)
Fumigant formulated as tablets (pellets)
Wettable Powders (WP or W)
Soluble Powders (SP or WSP)
Other Formulations
Microencapsulated Materials (M or ME)
Water-Soluble Packets (WSB or WSP)
Attractants
Impregnated Products
Repellents
Animal Systemics
Pesticide/Fertilizer Combinations
Fumigants
Advantages of fumigants
Disadvantages of fumigants
Adjuvants

Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticides

Definition of pesticide
Historical background of pesticides use in agriculture and public health
Impacts of pesticides use in agriculture and public health
Side effects of pesticides use to the environment and public health

Identity of Pesticides

How can pesticides be identified?
How are the common names of pesticides derived?
Classification of pesticides
Classification of pesticides based on the mode of action
Classification of pesticides based on the
targeted pest species
Classification of pesticides based on the chemical composition
Other minor classes of pesticides
Activity spectrum of the pesticide
Mode of formulation
Toxicity level

Physical Properties of Pesticides

General physical properties of pesticides
Molecular weight and form
Vapour pressure (VP)
Solubility
Octanol/Water partition coefficien- Kow (Log Kow)
Soil adsorption coefficient Koc/Kd
Henry`s law constant-H`
Specific physical properties of selected representative pesticides

Chemical properties of Pesticides

Oxidation reaction of pesticides
Reduction reaction of pesticides
Hydrolysis reaction of pesticides
Photodegradation of pesticides
Biodegradation
The Process
The Problem
The Solution
Silverson Flashblend
High Shear In-Line Mixers
The Advantages

Manufacturing Process

Introduction
Pesticide Use

Manufacturing Technology of Acephate

Acephate

Manufacturing Technology of Aluminium Phsophade

Aluminium Phosphide

Manufacturing technology of Captafol

Captan

Manufacturing Technology of Cypermethrin

Manufacturing Technology of DVA chloride

Metaphenoxy benzaldehyde (MPBAD)

Manufacturing Technology of Dimethoate

Manufacturing Technology of Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (, - D)

Manufacturing Technology of Dichlorvos (DDVP)

Manufacturing Technology of Ethion

Manufacturing Technology of Endosulphan

Manufacturing Technology of Fenvalerate

Manufacturing Technology of DDPA Preparation Dem Preparation

Malathion Preparation
Methyl Bromide

Manufacturing Technology of Monocrotophos

Manufacturing Technology of Isoproturon

Manufacturing Technology of Phosalone

Manufacturing Technology of Phorate

Manufacturing Technology of Phosphamidon

Manufacturing Technology of Zinc Phosphide

Air Pollutants From Pesticide Industry

Emissions Profile in Pesticide Industries
Solvents

New pesticide molecules, formulation technology and uses

Introduction
History of pesticide use
Trends in pesticide use
Regulation on pesticides
Pesticide formulations
Types of formulations
Pesticides, non-target organisms and our
environment
Improvisation in pesticide use
Monitoring for pesticide residues
Future challenges

Pesticidal Composition Comprising Sulphur, Acaricide and an Agrochemical Excipient

Description
Examples

Process for commercial production of biopesticides

Prior Art
Final Composition of the Biopesticides
Shelf Life

Biopesticide composition and process for controlling insect pests

Feeding Substrate Evaluations
Laboratory Evaluation of an Embodiment
of the Biopesticide
Preliminary Field Evaluation of Biopesticide
Overwintered Adults in Early Season Cotton
Non-Cotton Habitat Test
Regrowth Cotton Test
Bait Stations
Experimental Field Trials
Bioassays of Beauveria Bassiana, Deposit
ATCC- (ASREF-)

Insecticides

Organophosphate Insecticides
Toxicology
Signs and Symptoms of Poisoning
Confirmation of Poisoning
Organophosphates
Ethoprop
Fenamiphos
Cadusafos
Fosthiazate
Other Organophosphates
Biochemicals
DiTera
ClandoSan
Sincocin
Fumigants
Nonfumigants
Mammalian Anthelmintics
Fumigation
Irrigation
Granules and Broadcast Sprays
Seed Dressing and Bare Root Dip
Effects of Temperature on Activity
Effects of Soil Structure on Activity
Degradation of Nematicides
Effects on Nontarget Organisms
Methyl Iodide and Propargyl Bromide
DMDP
Avermectins
Sodium Azide
Furfural
Phytochemicals
Systemic Acquired Resistance Inducers
Hatching Stimulants and Inhibitors
Transgenic Proteins
Behavior-Modifying Compounds
Steroids and Hormones

Extraction of Pyrethrins From Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium

Introduction
Plant material
Extraction
Quality detection
Biological effect test
Biological activity

Production of natural insecticide from Neem leaves

Study area
Preparation of the insecticide
Statistical analysis
Results for Application of the Prepared Insecticide

New approach to synthesis of insecticide Sevin

Introduction
Chemical identifying information for Carbaryl
Routes of Sevin synthesis

Chlorpyrifos Synthesis via Interfacial Catalysis

Introduction
Materials and Methods
Materials
Methods
General Reaction Procedure
Instrumental Analysis
Bench Reactor Set-Up and Batch Scale
Results and Discussion

Preparation of chlorpyrifos microcapsules

Introduction
Experimental Section
Reagents and Instruments
Baxter Instrument Co, Ltd)
Preparation method of chlorpyrifos microcapsules
Determination of optimal experimental conditions
Optimization method of raw materials ratio
The methods of characterization
Drawing of standard curve
Measurement of encapsulation efficiency
Testing methods of stability
Storage experiment in high temperature
Storage experiment in low temperature
Determination of the optimal ratio of raw materials
Determination of dispersant amount
The results of storage in low temperature
DDT
The Most Famous (and Infamous) Insecticide
The Malaria-buster

Preparation of benzene hexachloride

Insecticides

An Improved Process for Preparation of Triazophos

Prior or Present Art
Synthesis of Triazophos

Nondusty spray dried mancozeb water-dispersible granules and the process for their production

Steroid insecticide extracted from kaladana and process

Plant Economics of Organic Pesticide

Plant Economics of Bio-pesticides (Mineral Oil Based) For Killing White Flies, Mini Bugs Etc.

Plant Economics of Aerosol-Pesticides

Plant Economics of Insecticides From Neem Seeds, Neem Oils & Neem Leaves

Plant Economics of Pest Control (Insecticides For Rats, Termites, Rodents, Cockroaches, Moths Etc.)

Plant Economics of Aerosol Insecticide Spray (Baygon, Hit, Mortein, Hexit Type)

List of Tables

Table Estimated % losses caused by pests in some world's major crops per year

Table Pesticides use and the corresponding crop yield in some countries/areas

Table Classification of pesticides based on the target organisms

Table . Specific physical properties of selected representative pesticide

Table .: Production of Technical Grade Pesticides

Table .: Product and associated priority pollutants

Table .: List of Solvents used in manufacturing process of pesticides

Table .: The effect of different concentration of Pyrethrins extract on flour beetle

Table .: The biological activity results( Energy and Environmental Research Center)

Table : Bites Received before Application of Insecticide.

Table : Bites received moments after Application

Table :The Adverse Effect of Using Synthetic Insecticide

Table : The Adverse Effect of Using the Prepared Insecticide

Table :Effects of Prepared Insecticide

Table.. - Reported data on CPFS synthesis via NaTCP and DETPC condensation concerning the use of PTC's, TA and solvents system.@

Table . - Optimum reaction parameters for chlorpyrifos n-propyl homologue synthesis.

Table . - Optimum reaction parameters for chlorpyrifos n-butyl homologue synthesis.

Table . The amount of wall materials in each experiment

Table . The effect of different amount of core material and wall materials on the microcapsule size and encapsulation efficiency

Table .. The effect of different amount of poly(vinyl alcohol) on microcapsule size and encapsulation efficiency

List of figures

Fig. .: Typical Unit operations of Chemical Synthesis

Fig. .: Process Flow Diagram of Acephate Manufacturing

Fig . : Process Flow Diagram of Aluminium

Phosphide Manufacturing

Fig. .: Process Flow Diagram of Captan Manfuacturing

Fig. .: Process Flow Diagram of Cypermethrin Manufacturing

Fig. : Process Flow Diagram of Dimethoate Manufacturing

Fig. : Process Flow Diagram of , - D Acid Manufacturing

Fig. .: Process Flow Diagram of D.D.V.P. Manufacturing

Fig. .: Process Flow Diagram of Ethion Manufacturing

Fig. .: Process Flow Diagram of Endosulphan Manufacturing

Fig. . A. Process Flow Diagram (step PCT to D/PCBC)

Fig. . C. Process Flow Diagram (step C/PCCN to

D/PCAN)

Fig.. D. Process Flow Diagram (step D/PCAN to D/PCACl)

Fig. . E. Process Flow Diagram of Fenvalerate

Fig. .: Process Flow Diagram of Malathion manufacturing

Fig.. Process Flow Diagram of Methyl Bromide Manufacturing

Fig. .: Process Flow Diagram of Monocrotophos Manufacturing

Fig .: Process Flow Diagram of Isoproturon Manufacturing

Fig. .: Process Flow Diagram of Phosalone Manufacturin

Fig. : Process Flow Diagram of Phorate Manufacturing

Fig.: Process Flow Diagram of Phosphamidon Manufacturing

Fig. .: Process Flow Diagram of Zinc Phosphide Manufacturing

Figure .: Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Flowers

Plant material

Extraction

Diagram . : The extraction steps of Pyethrins from C. cinerariafolium.

Figure : Chemical structure of Azadirachtin.

Figure. .: CPFS synthesis reaction scheme.

Figure. .: Reaction progress photographs (A) Initial (B) Intermediate (C) Final.

Figure. . - NIS catalyst recyclability for chlorpyrifos n-propyl homologue synthesis.

Figure . - NIS catalyst recyclability for chlorpyrifos n-butyl homologue synthesis.

Figure . The standard curve of chlorpyrifos

Figure . The states of sample of test in high temperature

Figure . . The states of sample of test in low temperature

Another Book for kind reference:

The Complete Technology Book on Herbicides, Fungicides, Nematicides, Weedicides and other Agro Chemicals with Formulations

Herbicides are used to control weeds in crops. Up to % of all pesticides sold are herbicides and they are used in most crop production systems. Weed control is one of the most effective practices to increase yields. Herbicides can be selective, killing the weeds but not the crop, such as atrazine in corn or trifluralin in soybeans. Other herbicides, such as glyphosate or paraquat, are non-selective, killing all plants they contact except those genetically engi-neered to be resistant to that particular herbicide or those that have developed resistance due to selection by the herbicide. Many herbicides have relatively low toxicity to insects, fish, or animals because they target specific enzyme systems found only in plants . This is particularly true for newer herbicides.

Fungicides are used to control fungi which cause disease in crops. They are applied to seeds, to soil, or to the crop to prevent or slow disease when condi-tions are favorable for the fungus. Fungicides are used primarily on high-value food crops and in turf and ornamental plant maintenance. They generally kill the fungal spores before they can germinate and infect the plant. Fungicides such as benomyl, metalaxyl, and chlorothalonil are used for a wide variety of crops, turf, and ornamental plants.

Nematicides are targeted at nematodes which infect plant roots and stunt or kill the crop. They are always applied to the soil as that is where the target occurs. Nematicides are generally non-selective, killing most everything they contact in the soil.

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