ebook on processing technology of steels and stainless steels

PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY OF STEELS AND STAINLESS STEELS

DEFINITIONS OF STEELS  WITH SPECIFICATIONS

• Steels: Definitions
• Steel Specifications

STEEL PROCESSING 

IRON CARBON EQUILIBRIUM

• Iron Carbon Equilibrium Diagram

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF IRON

• Effects of Carbon
• Crystal Structures in Fe-C Alloys
• Effects of Alloying Elements
• Critical Temperatures
• Crystal Imperfections and Slip

FERRITE, PEARLITE AND CEMENTITE

• Eutectoid Transformation
• Pearlite Structure
• Pearlite Transformation Kenetics
• Interphase Precipitation
• Divorced Eutectold Transformation: Dispersed  Carbide Particles in Ferrite
• Proeutectoid Phase
• Proeutectoid Phase Formation

MARTENSITE

• Martensitic Transformation Kinetics
• Crystallography of Martensitic Transformation
• Morphology of ferrous martensites
• Plate martensite

BAINITE

• Bainite Transformation Start Temperatures
• Bainite versus Ferritic Microstructures
• Upper Bainite
• Lower Bainite
• Bainite Formation Mechanisms
• Mechanical Behaviour of Ferrite Carbide Bainites

MICROSTRUCTURES OF FERRITIC

• Classification System for Proeutectoid Ferritic Microstructures
• Cooling Rate Induced Changes in Ferrite
• Classification Sysems for Ferritic Microstructures
• Polygonal or Equiaxed Ferrite
• Widmanstatten Ferrite
• Quasi Polygonal or Massive Ferrite
• Bainitic or Acicular Ferrite
• Granular Ferrite or Granular Bainitic Ferrite
• Classification System for Proeutectoid Ferritic Microstructures
• Cooling Rate Induced Changes in Ferrite
• Classification Systems for Ferritic Microstructures
• Polygonal or Equiaxed Ferrite
• Widmanstatten Ferrite
• Quasi Polygonal or Massive Ferrite
• Bainitic or Acicular Ferrite
• Granular Ferrite or Granular Bainitic Ferrite

IMPORTANCE OF AUSTENITE IN STEEL

• Austenite Grain Size and Measurement
• Austenite Formation
• Time Temperature Austenitizing Diagrams
• Grain Growth of Austenite
• Effect of Second Phase Particies
• Austenite Grain Size in Aluminium Killed Steels
• Austenite Grain Size Control in Microalloyed Steels
• Hot Deormation of Austenite

PROCESSING EFFECTS ON STEEL

• Types and Origins
• Inclusion Identification and Characterization
• Effect of inclusions on Mechanical Properties
• Solidification Chemical Changes
• Solidification Dendrites and Inter dendritic Segregation
• Hot Work and its Effect on Solidification Structure
• Banded Microstructures
• The Effect of Banding on Mechanical Properties

ISOTHERMAL TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAMS

CONTINUOUS COOLING TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAMS

• Continuous Cooling Transformation and Bar Diameter 

FERRITIC MICRO STRUCTURES

• The Ductile to Brittle Transition
• Continuous and Discontinuous Yielding of Ferritic Microstructures
• Aging Phenomena in Ferritic Micro structures
• Grain Size Effects on Strength and Fracture of Ferritic Microstructures
• Dispersion Strengthening of Ferritic Microstructures
• Solid Solution Strengthening of Ferritic Microstructures

LOW CARBON STEELS

• Low Carbon Steel: Hot Rolled Ferrite Pearlite Microstructures
• Low Carbon Steel Processing by Cold
• Rolling & Annealing
• Processing of Cold Rolled and Annealed Sheet Steels for High Formability
• Interstitial Free (IF) Steels

HEAT TREATMENTS

• Annealing
• Normalizing
• Spheroidizing
• Mechanical Properties of FerritePearlite Microstructures 

MEDIUM CARBON STEELS

• Processing
• Micro aloying Considerations
• Microstructure of Micro alloyed Forging Steels
• Mechanical Properties of Micro alloyed Forging Steels
• Direct Cooled Steels with Nontraditional Bainitic Microstructures

HIGH CARBON STEELS

• Rail Steels Structure and Performance
• Patenting: Pearlite Formation for High Strength Steel Wire
• Wire Drawing Deformation of Pearlite for High Strength Steel Wire
• Fracture Mechanisms of Patented and Drawn Steel Wire 

HARNESS AND HARDENABILITY

• Martensite Strength
• Definitions of Hardenability
• Hardness Distribution
• Factors Affecting Cooling Rates
• Severity of Quench
• Quantitative Hardenability
• Determination of Ideal Size
• Jominy Test for Hardenability

TEMPERING OF STEEL

• Mechanical Property Changes
• Alloying Elements and Tempering
• Structural Changes on Tempering
• Matrix Changes during Tempering
• Oxide Colours on Tempered Steels

TEMPERED CARBON STEELS

• Dynamic Strain Aging in Martensite
• Mechanical behaviour of Low Temperature Tempered Martensite

TOUGHNESS AND EMBRITTLEMENT

• Introduction
• Effects of Primary processing on Toughness
• Hot Shortness Associated with Copper
• Overheating during Heating for Forging
• Aluminium Nitride Embrittlement
• Quench Embrittlement
• Tempered Martensite Embrittlement
• Temper Embrittlement
• Liquid Metal Embrittlement

RESIDUAL STRESSES, DISTORTION, AND HEAT TREATMENT

• Origins of Residual Stresses
• Heat Treatments to Reduce Surface Residual Tensile Stresses
• Evaluation and Preduction of Residual Stresses and Distortion

SURFACE HARDENING

• Flame Hardening
• Induction Heating
• Carburizing Processing Principles
• Carburizing properties and Structure
• Carburizing Fatigue and Fatigue and Fracture
• Nitriding
• Carbonitriding
• Ferritic Nitrocarburizing

STAINLESS STEELS

• Alloy Design and Phase Equilibria
• Austentic Stainless Steels
• Inter granular Carbides in Austenitic Stainless Steels
• Martensite Formation in Austenitic Stainless Steels
• Other Phases in Austenitic Stainless Steels
• Other Austenitic Stainless Steels
• Heat Treatment of Austenitic Stainless Steels
• Ferritic Stainless Steels
• Inter metallic Phases in Ferritic Stainless Steels
• 475oC (885oF)
• Embrittlement in Ferritic Stainless Steels
• Martensitic Stainless Steels 

TOOL STEELS

• Introduction
• Classification of Tool Steels
• Tool Steel Alloy Design
• Primary Processing of Tool Steels
• Annealing of Tool Steels
• Stress Relief of Tool Steels
• Hardening of Tool Steels
• Preheating and Austenitizing
• Hardenability and Martensite Formation
• Grain Boundary Carbide Formation
• Tempering of Tool Steels
• Retained Austenite Transformation and Double Tempering in Tool Steels 

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