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    Detailed Project Report on ro membrane

    Detailed Project Report on ro membrane
    Detailed Project Report on ro membrane
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      RO MEMBRANE
      [CODE NO.3936]  
       
       
      ABOUT REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) MEMBRANE
       
      Reverse Osmosis (RO) refers to a process in which raw water passes through a system that removes impurities. The system is known to have cutting edge designed membranes that remove the impurities without any use of ion exchange beds, resins or chemicals. 
       
      It should be understood well that various other filtration systems such as micro-filtration, ultra-filtration and nano-filtration normally operate on a low pressure water system. RO requires a higher pressure pump to drive the water through the successive membranes. Thus, impurities are completely removed in the process. Thus, the quality of water is improved subsequently by reducing the micro-siemens and total dissolved solids (TDS). 
       
      TYPES OF MEMBRANES USED IN RO
       
      The different types of membranes used in RO are spiral membranes, tubular membranes, hollow fiber membranes, stainless steel membranes, ceramic membranes, plate and frame membranes, and few more to add to the list. 
       
      SECTORS IN WHICH RO MEMRANE CAN BE USED
       
      Most manufacturing applications require water. It can be used to clean various process parts, machinery, produce consumables, and much more. RO membranes have diverse applications in various niche sectors such as those discussed below. 
       
      APPLICATIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR
       
      The usage of water is at the highest during the production stages of creating a vehicle. Water is a key element of processes such as producing, maintaining and cleaning a vehicle and the various components that comprise them. The wastewater whilst production of a car can contain harmful chemicals, paint, residue, metals, oils, grease and much more. If these are not treated well, they can lead to long-term damage to the environment. 
       
      Reverse osmosis membrane can be used to produce the water needed in the initial part of the process and also at the end of the process. Once the waste products are removed and disposed off correctly, it can be reused in the production process in an ethical and productive manner. 
       
      APPLICATIONS IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE SECTOR
       
      Water is an essential constituent of maintaining high hygiene standards in the food and beverage industry. It is important that the harmful bacteria in water are eradicated and pathogens from food are removed properly. Furthermore, pure water is important in the sterilization of food preparations. The food hygiene standards should not be compromised at all and this is possible only by the effective use of RO membranes. 
       
      Besides these sectors, RO membranes also have diverse applications in the aerospace sector, pharmaceutical sector, agricultural sector, and others. The applications are basically for wide range of purposes such as: Desalination of brackish water, desalination of seawater, production of ultrapure water, wastewater treatment, and few more. 
       
      BENEFITS OF USING RO MEMBRANES
       
      The various benefits of membranes used in RO are listed below: 
      - The multiple ions retain the single ions better. 
      - The dissolved gases such as hydrogen sulfide, oxygen, chlorine, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, carbon dioxide – have good permeability. 
      - The rejection of acids and weak bases is much greater than the pH values in ionized forms. 
       
       
      COST ESTIMATION
       
      Plant Capacity            1800 Nos/Day  
      Land & Building (4047 sq.mt.)  Rs. 2.28 Cr    
      Plant & Machinery               Rs. 2.25 Cr 
      Working Capital for 2 Months    Rs. 1.56 Cr 
      Total Capital Investment        Rs. 6.45Cr 
      Rate of Return                  40%
      Break Even Point                56%
       
       
      INTRODUCTION
      STAGES OF FILTRATION
      STORAGE TANK
      TYPES OF MEMBRANE PROCESSES
      (A) ULTRAFILTRATION
      (B) MICROFILTRATION MICRO FILTRATION
      (C) REVERSE OSMOSIS
      RO IS ALSO KNOWN AS HYPERFILTRATION
      TYPES OF REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE
      (A) ASYMMETRIC MEMBRANE - CELLULOSE ACETATE (CA) MEMBRANE
      MEMBRANE PREPARATION:
      CELLULOSE ACETATE MEMBRANE FILTER APPLICATIONS
      CELLULOSE ACETATE MEMBRANE FILTER SPECIFICATIONS
      PERFORMANCE BY PORE SIZE
      (B) THIN FILM COMPOSITE MEMBRAN:-
      CONSTRUCTION
      SPIRAL WOUND MODULE
      CONSTRUCTION
      HOW IT WORKS
      DISADVANTAGES
      ADVANTAGES
      ADVANTAGES
      DISADVANTAGE
      USES AND APPLICATION
      B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
      PROCESS FLOW CHART
      MANUFACTURING PROCESS
      MANUFACTURING OF FOR THIN FILM COMPOSITE MEMBRANE ELEMENT
      RAW MATERIALS:
      MANUFACTURING PROCESS
      THERE ARE THE MAIN THREE STEPS FOR MAKING TFC MEMBRANE
      THE TECHNOLOGY FOR PREPARATION OF COMPOSITE POLYAMIDE 
         REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) MEMBRANE   INVOLVES VARIOUS STEPS:
      (1) PREPARATION OF CASTING SOLUTION (PSF SOL)
      (2) PHASE INVERSION METHOD FOR PREPARATION SUPPORTING 
          MEMBRANE (LAYER) (CASTING PROCESS)
      IMMERSION PRECIPITATION
      FACTORS AFFECTING MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
      (A) ADDITION OF SOLVENT TO THE COAGULATION BATH
      (B) POLYMER CONCENTRATION
      (C) ADDITION OF NON-SOLVENT TO THE CASTING SOLUTION
      (D) EVAPORATION TIME
      (E) PORE-FORMING ADDITIVES
      MEMBRANE POST-TREATMENT
      (A) ANNEALING
      (B) CROSS LINKING
      (C) DRYING BY SOLVENT EXCHANGE
      (3) PREPARATION OF POLYAMIDE ACTIVE LAYER (COATING PROCESS) 
         ON SUPPORT LAYER
      COATING PROCESS
      (A) DIP COATING
      (B) INTERFACIAL POLYMERISATION
      (4) ASSEMBLING PROCESS OF SPIRAL WOUND MEMBRANE CARTRIDGE
      TESTING
      HYDROSTATIC TEST
      MARKING
      PACKING
      MARKET POSITION
      GLOBAL MARKET TREND
      KEY MARKET PLAYERS
      PLANT LAYOUT
      PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
      MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE 
          SERVICE ARE:
      PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
      PRIMARY FACTORS
      1.   RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
      2.   MARKETS:
      3.   POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
      4.   WATER SUPPLY:
      5.   CLIMATE:
      6.   TRANSPORTATION:
      7.   WASTE DISPOSAL:
      8.   LABOR:
      9.   REGULATORY LAWS:
      10.  TAXES:
      11.  SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
      12.  COMMUNITY FACTORS:
      13.  VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
      14.  FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
      EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
      1. DEPRECIATION:
      2. FIXED ASSETS:
      3. WORKING CAPITAL:
      4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
      5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
      6. MARGIN MONEY:
      8. TOTAL LOAD:
      9.   LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
      PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
      INTRODUCTION
      PROJECT HANDLING
      PROJECT SCHEDULING
      PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
      TIME SCHEDULE
      SUPPLIERS OF TFC RO MEMBRANE
      SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
      SUPPLIERS OF POLY SULPHONE
      SUPPLIERS OF N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
      SUPPLIERS OF NON-WOVEN POLYSTER FABRIC
      SUPPLIERS OF TRI METHYL CLORIDE
      SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
      SUPPLIERS OF TFC RO MEMBRANE MAKING MACHINE
      SUPPLIERS OF SPIRAL WOUND MEMBRANE ASSEMBLING PLANT
      SUPPLIERS PF POLY SULPHONE CASTING AND COATING MACHINE
      SUPPLIERS OF MEMBRANE LAB TEST EQUIPMENT
      SUPPLIERS OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
      SUPPLIERS OF ELECTRICAL PANEL
      SUPPLIERS OF COOLING TOWER
      SUPPLIERS OF EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)
      SUPPLIERS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
      SUPPLIERS OF AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENTS
      SUPPLIERS OF AIR COMPRESSORS
      SUPPLIERS OF PLATFORM WEIGHING MACHINE
      SUPPLIERS OF MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
      SUPPLIERS OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
      SUPPLIERS OF JIGS AND FIXTURE
      SUPPLIERS OF SUBMERSIBLE WATER PUMP
       
      APPENDIX – A:
       
      01. PLANT ECONOMICS
      02. LAND & BUILDING
      03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
      04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
      05. FIXED CAPITAL
      06. RAW MATERIAL
      07. SALARY AND WAGES
      08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
      09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
      10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
      11. COST OF PRODUCTION
      12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
      13. BREAK EVEN POINT
      14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
      15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
      16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
      17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
      18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
       
       

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