Biofertilizer

BIOFERTILIZER

[EIRI/EDPR/4279] J.C.: 2460US$ 

INTRODUCTION

Fertilizers were welcomed with open arms, for they immediately increased the yield of crops. But their recurrent use has done an irreparable damage to the environment. Excess use of chemical fertilizers has led to the pollution and contamination of the soil, has polluted water basins, destroyed micro-organisms and friendly insects, making the crop more prone to diseases and reduced soil fertility. More and more farmers are now looking for more eco-friendly options. Bio-fertilizers have, to some extent provided an answer to the soil contamination.

Bio-fertilizers are eco-friendly fertilizers, which are being used to improve the quality and fertility of the soil. Bio-fertilizers are made from biological wastes and they do not contain any chemicals. They are beneficial to the soil, as they enrich the soil with micro-organisms that help in producing organic nutrients, which in turn help the soil to fight diseases. They therefore enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. They also restore the depleted nutrients of the soil. 

The main sources of bio-fertilizers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Plants have a special relationship with bacteria and fungi. They provide the plant with nutrition, resistance against diseases and the ability to combat worst climatic conditions.

Bio-fertilizers are being viewed as the future of fertilizers, as they have the ability to solve the problems of salinity of the soil, chemical-run offs from the fields. They, therefore, ensure the well being of the nutrients present in the soil, therefore making the soil more fertile with time.

Bio compost: It is a kind of organic fertilizer, which is prepared from the waste of the sugar industry. The waste is decomposed using a number of human and plants friendly bacteria and Fungi. Bio compost consists of nitrogen, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and plenty of useful fungi like the decomposing fungi. This biofertilizer helps the farmers to increase soil fertility and thereby increase the yield of the crops

Vermi Compost: It is also an organic fertilizer containing nitrogen phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, organic carbon, sulfur, hormones, enzymes, etc. If used over a period of time, the soil becomes extremely fertile and all the lost nutrients are restored back to the turf and the soil remains fertile

 Phospho: This is also a kind of bio-fertilizer, which releases insoluble phosphorous in the soil, making it more fertile

 Rhizo: It is a bacterial, which induces nitrogen fixing nodules on the roots of vegetables like peas, beans, etc., thereby, playing an important role in agriculture

Azotobacter: Nitrogen plays an extremely important role in plant growth. Azotobacter improves the quantity of atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and makes it available to the plants. It also shields the roots from other pathogens existing in the soil

 Trichoderma: It is an eco-friendly fertilizer, which acts as a biocontrol agent and is hyper parasitic against different pathogens in the field

 Composter: A composter that breaks down all organic substances like cattle waste, dead leaves, etc. present in the soil and thereby increase the productivity of the soil

 Tricho-Card: It is an effective bio-fertilizer, which is an effective destroyer of eggs of many rodents, which eat plants and leaves. It is effective when used for many plants namely sugarcane, cotton, brinjal, corn, jawar, paddy apple, etc.

The name itself is self explanatory. The fertilizers are used to improve the fertility of the land using biological wastes, hence the term biofertilizers, and biological wastes do not contain any chemicals which are detrimental to the living soil. They are extremely beneficial in enriching the soil with those micro-organisms, which produce organic nutrients for the soil and help combat diseases. The farm produce does not contain traces of hazardous and poisonous materials. Thus those products are accepted across the world as Organic ones. Hence for organic farming the use of biofertilizers is mandatory.

Chemical fertilizers mainly, Urea, D.A.P. Super Phosphate, Potash, Zinc Sulphate etc. are being used since long back to boost the crop production which has adverse effects on soil biota thereby increasing the cost of cultivation. It also causes health and environmental hazards along with decline in productivity and quality of produce.

In nature there is a number of useful soil micro-organism which can help plants to get nutrients. Their utility can be enhanced with human intervention by selecting efficient organism culturing them and adding them to soil directly or through seeds. The cultured micro organism beneficial for crop growth and soil fertility packed in some carrier material for easy application in the field are called Biofertilizers.

COST ESTIMATION

Plant Capacity            1000 Ltr./Day

Land & Building (2905 sq.mt.)    US$ 7.09 Lac

Plant & Machinery                    US$ 2.39 Lac

Working Capital for 1 Month    US$ 1.18 Lac

Total Capital Investment          US$ 11.16 Lac

Rate of Return                          26%

Break Even Point                      61%

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

BIOFERTILIZERS

ADVANTAGE OF BIOFERTILIZERS OVER CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS

BIOFERTILIZERS TECHNOLOGY

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZER

RHIZOBIUM 

AZOTOBACTER

AZOSPIRILLUM

CYANOBACTERIA

AZOLLA

PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING MICROORGANISMS (PSM)

AM FUNGI

SILICATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA (SSB)

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR)

LIQUID BIO FERTILIZERS

ADVANTAGES OF USING BIO-FERTILIZERS

BENEFITS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID BIOFERTILIZER

BENEFITS

CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT LIQUID BIO-FERTILIZERS

RHIZOBIUM

QUANTITY OF BIOLOGICAL N FIXED BY LIQUID RHIZOBIUM IN DIFFERENT CROPS

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF LIQUID RHIZOBIUM

AZOSPIRLLIUM

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF LIQUID AZOSPIRILLUM

N2 FIXING CAPACITY OF AZOSPIRILLUM IN THE ROOTS OF SEVERAL PLANTS AND THE AMOUNT OF N2 FIXED BY THEM

PRODUCTION OF GROWTH HORMONES

ROLE OF LIQUID AZOSPIRILLUM UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

SIGN OF NONFUNCTIONING OF AZOSPIRILLUM IN THE FIELD

AZOTOBACTER

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF LIQUID AZOTOBACTER

ROLE OF LIQUID AZOTOBACTER IN TISSUE CULTURE

ROLE OF LIQUID AZOTOBACTER AS A BIO-CONTROL AGENT

ACETOBACETER

EFFECT OF LIQUID ACETOBACTER DIAZOTROPHICUS ON SUGARCANE

DOS AND DON’TS FOR ENTREPRENEURS, DEALERS AND FARMERS

LIQUID BIO-FERTILIZER APPLICATION METHODOLOGY

THERE ARE THREE WAYS OF USING LIQUID BIO-FERTILIZERS

SEED TREATMENT

ROOT DIPPING

SOIL APPLICATION

DOSAGE OF LIQUID BIO-FERTILIZERS IN DIFFERENT CROPS

BENEFITS TO CROP

BENEFITS TO FARMER

BENEFITS TO SOIL

A COMPOSITE CULTURE

COMPOSITION:

BIO-AZO GOLD (A COMPOSIT CULTURE)

BENEFITS TO ENVIRONMENT

CROP RANGE

THIS CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY CROP

DOSE & METHOD OF APPLICATION

TIME OF APPLICATION 

USES AND APPLICATION OF BIOFERTILIZER

APPLICATION OF BIO FERTILIZERS

SEED TREATMENT

SEEDLING ROOT DIP

MAIN FIELD APPLICATION

RHIZOBIUM

PHOSPHOBACTERIA

POINTS TO REMEMBER

BIO FERTILIZERS RECOMMENDATION (ONE PACKET - 200G)

PHOSPHOBACTERIA

ADVANTAGES OF BIOFERTILIZER USE 

BIOFERTILIZERS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF BIOFERTILISERS

MARKET POSITION

MARKET POTENTIAL OF BIO FERTILIZER

GLOBAL BIOFERTILIZER INDUSTRY - MARKET SIZE (US$ M)

GLOBAL BIO PESTICIDE INDUSTRY - MARKET SIZE (US$ M)

BIOFERTILIZER MANUFACTURING PROCESS

THE PROCESS INVOLVES CULTURE PREPARATION AND THEN PROCESSING

FERMENTATION PROCESS FOR BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION

DETAILS FOR PRODUCTION OF A GOOD AND EFFICIENT BIOFERTILIZER

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF BIOFERILIZER

CRITERIA FOR STRAIN SELECTION:

STEPS FOR PREPARING BIO-FERTILIZER:

(A) SEED PELLETING:

(B) INOCULANT CARRIERS:

(C) QUALITY STANDARDS FOR INOCULANTS:

(I) MASS PRODUCTION OF CYANOBACTERIAL BIOFERTILIZERS:

THE FOLLOWING METHODS ARE USED FOR MASS CULTIVATION:

AZOLLA ANABAENA

(II) MASS CULTIVATION OF AZOLLA:

THERE ARE TWO METHODS FOR ITS APPLICATION IN FIELD:

3. ENDOPHYTIC NITROGEN FIXERS:

(I) FACULTATIVE ENDOPHYTIC DIAZOTROPHS:

(II) OBLIGATE ENDOPHYTIC DIAZOTROPHS:

(III) OTHER BACTERIA:

(A) ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOPHYTES:

(B) APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE:

4. BIO-FERTILIZERS AIDING PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION:

PENICILLIUM SOLUBILIZES UNAVAILABLE FROM OF P TO AVAILABLE FORM

5. PRODUCTION OF MYCORRHIZAL BIO-FERTILIZER:

(I) ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI:

(II) VA MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI:

THERE ARE TWO METHODS OF USING THE INOCULUM:

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND POLLUTION CONTROL

MANUFACTURING PROCESS STEPS OF BIO-FERTILIZER

PREPARATION OF MOTHER OR STARTER CULTURE

PREPARATION OF BROTH CULTURE

PRODUCTION OF FINAL PRODUCT IN FERMENTER

FILLING & PACKAGING:

TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF BIO-FERTILISERS

WHAT ARE BIO-FERTILIZERS

MODE OF ACTION

CRITICAL FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR EFFECTIVENESS

LEVEL OF BENEFITS

OTHER BENEFITS

OUTLINES OF COMMERCIAL MANUFACTURE OF BIO-FERTILIZERS:

THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS IN SHORT INVOLVES

THE STEPS INVOLVED ARE AS FOLLOWS:

CULTURE SELECTION AND MAINTENANCE:

CULTURE AUGMENTATION:

CARRIER STERILIZATION:

MIXING AND PACKING:

LAYOUT OF THE PRODUCTION UNIT:

RAW MATERIAL:

THE CHIEF RAW MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOFERTILIZERS ARE AS FOLLOWS

OTHERS:

QUALITY CONTROL:

LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS

THE MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS INCLUDE:

PRODUCTION PROCESS OF BACTERIAL BIOFERTILIZER

MASS PRODUCTION OF BACTERIAL BIO FERTILIZER

CULTURING OF MICROORGANISMS 

GROWTH ON CONGO RED YEAST EXTRACT MANNITOL AGAR MEDIUM 

COMPOSITION OF THE N-FREE SEMISOLID MALIC ACID MEDIUM

PHOSPHOBACTERIA: PIKOVSKAYA’S BROTH

INOCULUM PREPARATION

PROCESSING OF CARRIER MATERIAL

PREPARATION OF CARRIER MATERIAL

MIXING THE CARRIER AND THE BROTH CULTURE AND PACKING

PREPARATION OF INOCULANTS PACKET

PRODUCTION OF CORRHIZAL BIOFERTILIZER

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING MULTIPLICATION STAGES OF BIOFERTILISER MOTHER CULTURE

STEPS IN BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION

PLANT LAYOUT

SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS

02. LAND & BUILDING

03. PLANT AND MACHINERY

04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS

05. FIXED CAPITAL

06. RAW MATERIAL

07. SALARY AND WAGES

08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS

09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL

10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT

11. COST OF PRODUCTION

12. TURN OVER/ANNUM

13. BREAK EVEN POINT

14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE

15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS

16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS

17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS

18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)