Complete Technology Book on Electric Vehicles Manufacturing (Electric Bicycle, E-Scooter, Electric Rickshaw, E-Bus, E-Passenger Car, Electric Two and Wheeler, E-Truck) Including Assembling Process, Machinery Equipments & Project Profiles)

In the midst of the evolving landscape of transportation, a silent revolution is taking place. Electric vehicles (EVs) have become the cornerstone of a more sustainable and eco-conscious future. As we stand on the threshold of a transportation paradigm shift, this handbook is your comprehensive guide to understanding, manufacturing, and prospering in the world of electric mobility. We start at the basics, diving into the intricate components that make electric vehicles a reality. From the critical lithium-ion batteries to electric motors, from two-wheelers and e-scooters to e-buses and passenger cars, this book leaves no stone unturned in demystifying the intricacies of EV technology. We open the gateway to a world of business opportunities. Whether you aim to dive into EV manufacturing, battery production, charging station infrastructure, or even software development, you'll find insights into the diverse avenues of opportunity within the electric vehicle sector. We turn our attention to the future, shedding light on the reasons behind the rapid growth of electric vehicle sales and their global imperative. The foundation laid in the early chapters sets the stage for an exciting journey into the entrepreneurial world.

But what if you aspire to start your own electric vehicle manufacturing business? A detailed roadmap guides you through the strategic planning, legal aspects, and the nuts and bolts of the EV production process. From selecting an ideal location to expanding your business, you'll find all the crucial steps meticulously detailed. As we progress through the chapters, we branch into other sectors of electric vehicles. Electric bicycles are dissected, electric scooter parts examined, and electric hybrid vehicles (e-scooters) unveiled. The heart of electric vehicle manufacturing is unveiled, where we scrutinize components, raw materials, design, assembly processes, quality control, and the future trends. We delve deep into the construction of electric cars, from traction battery packs to power inverters, highlighting design-for-manufacturing principles and safety requirements.

The heart of the EV revolution is the batteries, discussed in detail. Throughout this comprehensive guide, you'll witness the electric vehicle industry unfold, revealing a world of opportunities, innovation, and sustainability. Whether you are an aspiring entrepreneur or an electric vehicle enthusiast, this handbook is your compass in the vibrant world of electric mobility. The future of transportation is electric, and this book will empower you to be part of that future.

The book Complete Technology Book on Electric Vehicles Manufacturing (Electric Bicycle, E-Scooter, E-Motorcycle, Electric Rickshaw, E-Bus, E-Passenger Car, Electric Two and Wheeler, E-Truck) including Assembling Process, Machinery Equipments & Project Profiles) contains chapters on Introduction, E-Vehicle Business Ideas and Opportunities, Future of Electric Vehicles, How to Start E-Vehicle Manufacturing Business?, Electric Vehicle Market Outlook, Electric Vehicle Technology, Electric Car, Construction of Electric Car, How Electric Cars Work?, E-Car Manufacturing, E-Car Assembly Line, Electric Bicycle, E-Bicycle Parts, How E-Bikes Work?, Electric Scooter , Electric Scooter Parts, Electric Hybrid Vehicle (E-Scooter), How do Electric Scooters Work?, Design and Development of Electric Scooter , E-Scooter Environmental Impacts, E-Bicycle Assembly Production Line, Hybrid Electric Car Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), Electric Rickshaw, Hybrid Solar E-Rickshaw, E-Rickshaws Manufacturing Design and Construction, Electric Rickshaw Charging Stations, Electric Bus, Manufacturing Process of E-Bus, E-Bus and E-Truck Manufacturing, BIS Standards, ISO Standards, Batteries, Electric Bike and Electric Scooter, Electric Bus, Electric Rickshaw, Electric Scooter, Electric Three Wheeler for Passenger and Cargo Services, E-Rickshaw, E-Loader and Retrofit Kit Converting Electric Auto Three Wheeler Rickshaw, E-Scooter with Battery Swaping System, Kids Ride on Battery Operated Cars and Bikes Manufacturing Unit, Sedan Electric Car.

Chapter 1

Introduction

Electricity sources

Connection to generator plants

Onboard generators and hybrid EVs

Onboard storage

Lithium-ion battery

Electric motor

Vehicle types

Ground vehicles

Energy and motors

Properties

Charging

Grid capacity

Charging stations

Battery swapping

Dynamic charging

Other in-development technologies

Safety

Environmental

Socio-economic

Contents-cum-Index Mechanical

Energy resilience

Energy efficiency

Total cost

Range

Heating of EVs

Electric public transit efficiency

Polluter pays principle

Emissions from Electric Vehicles

Electricity Sources and Emissions

Direct, Well-to-Wheel, and Cradle-to-Grave Emissions

Zero Tailpipe Emissions

Lower running costs

Electric Vehicles are easy to drive and quiet

Convenience of charging at home

No noise pollution 

Future

Public perception

Environmental considerations

Improved batteries

Battery management and intermediate storage

Electric trucks

Hydrogen trains

Higher voltage outlets in garages of newly built homes

Infrastructure management

Stabilization of the grid

Chapter 2

E-Vehicle Business Ideas and Opportunities

Manufacturing 

Electric Vehicle Manufacturing

Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing

Electric Vehicle Powertrain Manufacturing

Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment manufacturing

Infrastructure

Software Development

Training and Skill Development

Retrofitting

Fleet Operation

Dealership and Franchise

Online shop for electric vehicle components

Online shop for electric car reselling 

Maintenance and Repair

Battery Scrapping

EV Workshop

EV Washing Service

More Ideas

Portable Charging Station

Electric Vehicle Blog

Chapter 3

Future of Electric Vehicles

Experts predicting strong sales growth

Reason #1: Battery costs are dropping fast

Reason #2: Longer range, affordable electric cars are coming

Reason #3: More charging stations are coming

Reason #4: Auto industry is embracing EVs

Reason #5: The global imperative to cut carbon pollution and oil dependency

Chapter 4

How to Start E-Vehicle Manufacturing Business?

EV market

Business Opportunities in Electric Vehicles Sector 

Chargers, Batteries and Accessories Manufacturing

EV assembly

Charging Station Installation

Electric Vehicle Conversion Services

Battery Swapping Technology

Solar Electric Vehicle Charging

EV Equipment Manufacturing Business

Create a Business Plan for EV Equipment Manufacturing Unit

Selecting a Great Location for Your Business

Registration of the EV Equipment Manufacturing Company and Acquisition of Licenses and Permits

Expand Your EV Equipment Manufacturing Business

Interact with People, and Make Them Your Customer

Battery Manufacturing Business

Research the Battery Manufacturing Process

Draft a Business Plan

Consider the Legal Aspects

Fabrication Electric Vehicle Charger

Solar Energy Powered Electric Vehicle Charger

Home EV Chargers

Chapter 5

Electric Vehicle Market Outlook

Global progress and forecast

EVs in regional markets

Europe

China

United States

Rest of the world

2030 sales forecast

EV growth beyond 2030

Four factors driving growth

Changing consumer sentiment

Policy and legislation

OEM vehicle strategy

The role of corporate companies

New landscape, new approach

Segmenting the market

Use case: UK

Key behavioural differences

Chapter 6

Electric Vehicle Technology

Vehicle Ranges

EV Regenerative Braking Modes

PHEV Drivetrain Modes

EVSE Types

Reporting Energy Consumption

Electric Vehicle Layouts

Electric motor vs Endothermic motor

Battery: “fuel” for EV

Electric vehicles

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FHEV or HEV)

How Do Hybrid Electric Cars Work?

Components of a Hybrid Electric Car

Hybrid All Wheel Drive

Series Scheme #2

Series Scheme #3

Series Scheme #4

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

All-Electric Cars Work

High voltage power cables for electric and hybrid vehicles

ECE R100

Chapter 7

Electric Car

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)

Benefits of electric vehicles

Lower running costs

Low maintenance cost

Zero Tailpipe Emissions

Electric Vehicle Incentive

Petrol and diesel use is destroying our planet

Electric Vehicles are easy to drive and quiet

Convenience of charging at home

No noise pollution

Drawbacks of EVs

Most EVs have pretty short ranges

Recharging can take a while

They’re a large initial investment

Charging station availability is inconsistent

There are fewer choices

Electric Vehicle Performance

Horsepower

Top Speed

Acceleration

Electric Car Drive Types

Front-Wheel Drive

Rear Wheel Drive

All Wheel Drive

Environmental aspects

Public opinion

Performance

Acceleration and drivetrain design

Chapter 8

Construction of Electric Car

Electric Car Consist Of:

System of Education for Young Drivers by Theme Electric Cars

Electric Traction motor

Weight reduction is an important design driver for range

Key Points

Battery Production - Design for Manufacturing, Production Capacity

Benefits of the Digital Twin of Battery Cell Production

Electric Car Safety

Battery Maintenance

Safety Requirements

Emergency Response and Training

Chapter 9

How Electric Cars Work?

Components

Traction battery pack

DC-DC Converter

Electric motor

Power Inverter

Charge Port

Onboard charger

Controller

Auxiliary batteries

Thermal system (cooling)

Transmission

Chapter 10

E-Car Manufacturing

Components

Raw Materials

Design

The Manufacturing

Process

Quality Control

Byproducts/Waste

The Future

Chapter 11

E-Car Assembly Line

Battery Pack Assembly Lines

Prismatic Battery Assembly Line (Type 1)

Prismatic Battery Assembly Line (Type 2)

Cell to Module Line (Segment 1)

Module to Pack Line (Segment 2)

Cylindrical Cell Line

Cell to Module Line

Module to Pack Line

Chapter 12

Electric Bicycle

Classes

Pedal-assist only

Pedelecs

S-Pedelecs

Power-on-demand and pedal-assist

Power-on-demand only

Technical 

Motors and drivetrains

Batteries

Design variations

Folding E-Bikes

Health effects

Road traffic safety

Environmental effects

Advantages of E-Bike

Eco-friendly battery

Lower carbon footprint

Off-peak charging

Chargeable using sustainable energy

Zero emissions

Increased cycling distance

Protects against air pollution

Safer for roads

Efficient mode of transport

Perfect replacement for bikes

Final Thoughts

Chapter 13

E-Bicycle Parts

Electric Motor

Lithium-Ion Battery

Throttle

Step-Through Frame

Brake System

Gear Shifter

Rear Rack

Tires

Lights & Reflectors

Display

Kickstand

Bell

Chapter 14

How E-Bikes Work?

Pros and cons

Growth prospects

Worth your money

The efficiency and experience of electric bikes

Electric bikes are good for you and the environment

Electric bikes are a mood enhancer

Riding an electric bike is so easy anyone can do it

Potential safety concerns with electric bikes

Electric bikes are usually pretty heavy

Electric Bikes vs Regular Bikes: What’s the Difference?

Appearance and Mechanics

Maintenance and repairs

Riding Experience

Speed

Rules and regulations

Objective

Limitations

Theory

Power calculation

Motor

Motor controlling

MOSFET transistor

Half-bridge

PWM

Arduino

Three-Phase Gate Driver

Bootstrap Operation

Experimental Details

Planning process/design

Electronic assembly

Programming

Main code

PWM

Results

Power calculation

Subsystems

Assembled system

Wheel and motor

Components

Testing of the system

Chapter 15

Electric Scooter

Popularity

Electric Scooters are Economical to Run

Riding an electric scooter requires no effort

Urban mobility is the new ‘mega-trend’

Electric scooters are a safe alternative to public transport

Electric scooters mean zeroemissions

Electric scooters are easy to maintain

Electric scooter batteries are improving

Benefits of using Electric Scooters

Environmentally friendly

Affordable

Easy to ride

Convenient

Portability of Electric scooters

Easy to park

Reduce carbon emissions

Perfect for short trips

Future of transportation

Chapter 16

Electric Scooter Parts

Batteries

Electric Scooter Batteries

Types of Batteries

Lithium Ion

Lithium Manganese (INR, NMC)

Lead-acid

Battery Life

Brakes

Types of Brakes

Disc Brakes

Advantages of disc brakes

Disadvantages of disc brakes

Hydraulic Disc Brakes

Semi Hydraulic Disc Brakes

Cable Controlled Disc Brakes

Drum Brakes

Advantages of drum brakes

Disadvantages of drum brakes

Foot Brakes

Advantages of foot brakes

Disadvantages of foot brakes

Regenerative Brakes

Advantages of regenerative brakes

Disadvantages of regenerative brakes

Electronic Brakes

Advantages of electronic brakes

Disadvantages of electronic brakes

Mechanical vs Electronic Brakes

Controller

Deck

Handlebars

Lights

Motor

Motor Power

Motor Torque

Motor Performance

Motor Types

Brushless DC Motors

Brushed DC Motors

Stem

Suspension

Tires

Chapter 17

Electric Hybrid Vehicle (E-Scooter)

Basic Design of HEV

Advantages of HEV

CAD model of HEV

Block diagram of HEV

Working of HEV

Chapter 18

How do Electric Scooters Work?

Electric Scooter Work

Electric Scooter Batteries

Electric Scooter Motors Work

Motor Power

Motor Torque

Motor Performance

Motor Types

Brushless DC Motors

Brushed DC Motors

Deck

Handlebars

Lights

Throttle

Twist Throttle

Finger Throttle

Thumb Throttle

How Does an Electric Scooter Throttle Work?

How Does an Electric Scooter Controller Work?

How Do Electric Scooter Brakes Work?

Foot Brake

Mechanical Brake

Electric Brake

How Do Electric Scooter Wheels Work?

Solid Tires

Pneumatic Tires

How Does Electric Scooter Suspension Work?

How Do Electric Scooter Handlebars Work?

How Does an Electric Scooter Frame Work?

Seated Electric Scooters

Optional scooter parts

Seats

Baskets or trunks

How do electric scooters get charged?

Are electric scooters foldable?

What are electric scooters made of?

How to perform electric scooter maintenance?

Chapter 19

Design and Development of Electric Scooter

Introduction

System Development

The Key Components in Electric Scooter

Battery Charger

Battery

Battery management systems

Motor Controller

Bldc Hub Motor

Dc-Dc Controller

Performance Analysis

Hub Motor Calculation

Motor Specification

Power Equation

Speed of Motor in RPM

Torque of the motor (T)

Selection of Motor

Rolling resistance

System Operation

Chapter 20

E-Scooter Environmental Impacts

Impact Estimation Methodology

Chapter 21

E-Bicycle Assembly Production Line

Automatic Nipple Feeder for Bicycle Rim

Features

Truing machine Obelisk E bike wheels

Product Specifications

Lacing Machine E Bike Wheels

Brake-Test Machine

Features:

Chapter 22

Hybrid Electric Car Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

Powered by Electric Motor and Combustion Engine

Help from an Electric Motor

Regenerative Braking

Regenerative Braking System

How Does Regenerative Braking work in EV

Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicles and its Efficiency

Working Principle of Regenerative Braking System

Advantages and Disadvantages

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

What is a fuel cell electric vehicle?

How Fuel Cells Work

Key Components of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Car

Driving Range

Fuel-Efficient System Design

Chapter 23

Electric Rickshaw

Introduction 

Types

Load carriers

Solar

Other Information:

Scope of solar panel

Future scope of solar energy

Solar powered spacecraft:

Communications satellite:

Evolution of E-Rickshaw Business

Importance Of E Rickshaw Rent Business

Zero Air Pollution

Low maintenance cost

Suitable for rural connectivity

Low operational costs

Creation of employment opportunities

Why Start an E-rickshaw Business In India?

Benefits of Electric Rickshaws

Design and Construction

Procedure

Why we should be required to calculate 1st propulsion power?

Below shows the methods followed throughout

Why we should Disgne 1st instead of directly build the model of EV?

Wheel and vehicle body

Electric system

Thermal Port

Thermal sensor

How Electric–Rickshaw Work

Major Parts and Components

Electric Motor

Electronic Motor Controller

Battery

Differential

Brake Shoe Plate for Analog

Chapter 24

Hybrid Solar ERickshaw

How Solar Rickshaw Works?

Features of Solar E-Rickshaw

Methodology and working

Technical specifications

Solar E-rickshaw with Heterogeneous Battery Packs

Chapter 25

E-Rickshaws Manufacturing Design and Construction

General Detail of ERickshaw

Procedure

Vehicle Body Subsystem Model

Vehicle Body Parameters

Tire

Gear

Vehicle Body

DC Motor

Controlled PWM Voltage

Temperature Sensor

Solver Configuration

Battery and Soc Subsystem Model

Battery

Battery State of Charge

Controlled Current Source

BUS Selector

Power GUI

Longitudinal Driver

Chapter 26

Electric Rickshaw Charging Stations

Introduction

Objectives

Electric Rickshaw and Relevant Issues

Renewable Energy

Rationale

Objectives

Technology Review

Approach

Formulation

Simulation Software

Defining System Demands

Solar Resource

System Components and Costs

Key Assumptions

Battery DOD and Capacity Selection

Battery Charging and Discharging

Local Grid

Control Logic of Grid-Connected Solar PV

Operational Strategy and Control Logic of CBESS

Economic Assumptions

Solar PV Integration

Electric Energy Time-Shift

An Opportunity for Reducing Battery Disposal

An Opportunity for Creating a Sustainable and Circular Value Chain for E Rickshaw Batteries

Economies of Scale

Microgrid and Smart Snergy Systems in Rural Areas

Implementation Pathway and Business Opportunities

Challenges and Outlook

Chapter 27

Electric Bus

Range

Articulated electric bus range around 200 km (no heating)

And what about 12-meter ebuses range? (in winter)

Electric Buses Charge

Planning charging activities

Principles 

Battery

Electric Bus Work

Electric Bus Benefits

Eco-Friendliness

Quiet Operation

Minimal Maintenance

Affordability

Invention

Carbon Footprint of an Electric Transit Bus

How Much Electricity Does an Electric Bus Use?

Kinds of Batteries used in Electric Buses

How Far Can an Electric Bus Go?

What Type of Charging Station Does an Electric Bus Use?

How Long Does It Take to Charge an Electric Bus?

What Is the Life Expectancy of an Electric Bus?

Are Electric Buses Healthier?

Why Aren’t Electric Buses More Common?

Chapter 28 

Manufacturing Process of E-Bus

Raw Materials

Making premanufactured components

Making the chassis

Making the body

Assembling the bus

Quality Control

The Future

Chapter 29

E-Bus and E-Truck Manufacturing

Automated Seat Assembly Lines

Introduction to Seat Adjuster

Characteristic

Main stages in an automobile seat assembly line

Seat Cushion Assembly Line Project Experience

Welding Lines for Automotive Component

Plan 

Composition of Auto-Body Welding Lines

Chain management

Assemble system and instruction

Quality assurance

Truck Welding Line

Bus and Coach Welding Line

Engines and Transmission Assembly Line

Automotive Paint Shop

Plan

Chain management

Offer assemble system and instruction

Quality assurance

Automotive Assembly Line

Plan

Chain management

Offer assemble system and instruction

Conveyor System

Truck Manufacturing Assembly Line

Features

Task

Assembly process

Cab Trim Line

Electric Bus Assembly Line

Automotive Testing and Inspection Line

Plan

Chain management

Offer assemble system and instruction

Quality assurance

Vehicle Testing Pickup Truck Inspection Line/Truck Production Testing Line/Bus Testing Line

Work station allocation and testing process

Chapter 30

BIS Standards

Indian Standards for AC Charging

Indian Standards for DC Charging

Indian Standards for battery swapping

Chapter 31

ISO Standards

Type of electric propulsion vehicle

Vehicle use conditions and operating modes

Battery durability

Component mass and volume

Mounting location in the vehicle

Scope

Chapter 32

Batteries

Battery design

Evaluation of a Remanufacturing for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Car

Battery capacity and range

Battery lifespan

Battery care, second life and recycling

Types of Battery

Lead-Acid Batteries

Alkaline Batteries

Sodium Nickel Chloride NaNiCl2

Sodium–Sulphur (Na-S)

Lithium-Ion (Li-ion)

Fuel Cells

Super-Capacitors

Flywheels

Chapter 33

Plant Economics of Electric Bike and Electric Scooter

Advantages

Disadvantages

Types of electric twowheeler

E-bikes

Why EV’s?

Types of electric scooter

Advantages of Electric Two Wheelers

Limitations of Electric Two Wheelers

Working Principle

What are the principal parts of e-two wheelers framework?

Battery

Battery Upgradation

Alternator

Wiring Harness

Controllers

Chassis

Power Unit

Base plate

Cone Set and Bearings

Production Process

Fabrication of Chassis, Stands, Base Plat and Mud Guards

Fabrication of Stand

Component of system

Helical spring

Cast Iron Rod

Lifting Gear Lever

Fabrication Process

Fabrication process of base plate

Fabrication process of mudguard

Assembling Process

Process Flow Chart

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 34

Plant Economics of Electric Bus

Introduction

What Is an Electric Bus?

How Does an Electric School Bus Work?

Eco-Friendliness

Quiet Operation

Minimal Maintenance

Affordability

Full battery electric buses (BEBs)

Advantages

Disadvantages

Battery Electric Bus Categories

Battery Technologies for EBUS

Ni-based aqueous battery system

Lithium-ion battery (LIB)

Battery Management System (BMS)

Benefits from Electric Buses

Noise

Manufacturing Process

Fabrication Process of Structue of Bus Body

Process Flow Chart

Structure Assembly

Side Paenling & Roof Paneling

Internal Paneling

Protection Treatment and Paintings

Painting Process

Cleaning with thinner

Rectification

Fitting of interior and exterior components

Mounting of bus body to chassis

Assembling process of electric bus

Trim Assembly Line

Chasis Line Assembly

Final Assembly Line

Plant Economics

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 35

Plant Economics of Electric Rickshaw

Introduction

E-Rickshaw (Passenger)

Major Parts and Components

Electric Motor

Electronic Motor Controller

Battery

Differential

Front Shock Absorbers

Rear Suspension

Brakes

Speedo-meter/Indicator

Miscellaneous Spare parts

Fabrication Process

Powder Coating Process:

Process flow chart for e-rickshaw and e-loader

Assembling Process of E-Rickshaw:

Assembling & Fitting Process

Plant Economics

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital 

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 36

Plant Economics of Electric Scooter

Introduction

How Electric Scooters Work

Electric Scooter Part

Electric Scooter Hub Motor

Electric Scooter Wheels

Electric Scooter Solid & Inflated Tires

Electric Scooter Throttle & Controllers

Electric Scooter Battery

Electric Scooter Brakes

Electric Scooter Chargers

Production Process

Assembling process

Process Flow Chart

Front Wheel Installation

Handlebars Installation:

Mirrors installation

Pedals installation

Rear storage trunk installation:

Throttle & Accessory Control Grip Installation

Seat Installation:

Installation of Rear Brake

Tire Installation

Wheel Adjustments/Maintanence 

Drive Chain Installation:

Battery Installation

Installation of adopter

Testing of Electric Two Wheeler

(Product Testing) E-bike test procedure

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 37

Plant Economics of Electric Three Wheeler for Passenger and Cargo Services

Introduction

Construction of ERickshaw

Major parts and components

Electric Motor

Electronic Motor Controller

Battery

Differential

Front Shock Absorbers

Brakes

Speedometer/Indicator

Steering

Miscellaneous Spare parts

Fabrication Process

Powder Coating Process

Assembling & Fitting Process

Process Flow

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 38

Plant Economics of ERickshaw, E-Loader and Retrofit Kit Converting Electric Auto Three Wheeler Rickshaw

Introduction

1. Category L1:

2. Category L2:

3. Category L3:

4. Category L4:

5. Category L5:

E-Rickshaw

Construction of ERickshaw

Production Process

Process flow chart for e-rickshaw and e-loader

Fabrication Process

Plant Economics

Land & Building 

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 39

Plant Economics of EScooter with Battery Swaping System

Introduction

Battery Swapping

Pros of Battery Swapping E-Scooter

Cons of Battery Swapping E-Scooter

Pros of Battery Charging E-Scooter

Cons of Battery Charging E-Scooter

Production process

Process Flow

Fabrication of Stand

Component of System

Helical Spring

Cast Iron Rod

Lifting Gear Lever

Fabrication Process

Fabrication Process of Base Plate

Frame

Platform

Platform (Base Plate)

Fabrication Process of Mudguard

Step 1: Materials

Step 2: Cut your blank

Step 3: Tools you’ll need

Step 5: Shrink the edges

Step 6: Tuck the edges (if needed)

Step 7: Planish the surface

Step 8: Wheel the surface

Step 9: File the surface

Step 10: Sand the surface

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 40

Plant Economics of Kids Ride on Battery Operated Cars and Bikes Manufacturing Unit

Introduction

Major types of toys

Process Flow Diagram (Car Chassis)

Process Flow Diagram (Car Body)

Wheel and Tyre

Manufacturing of Car Chasis

Assembling Process

Manufacturing of Car Body

Manufacturing of Car Tyres

Manufacturing of Wind Screen

Manufacturing of side doors

Injection Moulding

Assembly

Assembly of All Toghter with Electrical Connections

Quality control

Selection of test portions

Preparation and extraction of test portions

Coatings of paint, polymer and similar coatings

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 41

Plant Economics of Sedan Electric Car

Introduction

Working of an Electric Car

Types of Batteries

Charging of Electric Vehicles (EV)

Difference between Electric Engine and Gasoline Engine

Advantages of an Electric Car

Disadvantages of an Electric Car

Current Challenges with Electric Cars

Assembling process of electric car

Raw Materials

Process Flow Chart

Design

The Manufacturing Process

Body Shop

General Assembly of Electrical Car

Own Housings. The components of the control console are also installed

Assembling of electric car

Plant Economics

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum