Tennis Ball for Lawn Tennis (Capacity: 3000 Numbers per day)

TENNIS BALL FOR LAWN TENNIS

[EIRI/EDPR/4539] J.C.: 2756XL

INTRODUCTION

A tennis ball is a ball designed for the sport of tennis. Tennis balls are fluorescent yellow in organised competitions, but in recreational play can be virtually any color. Tennis balls are covered in a fibrous felt which modifies their aerodynamic properties, and each has a white curvilinear oval covering it.

Modern tennis balls must conform to certain criteria for size, weight, deformation, and bounce criteria to be approved for regulation play. The International Tennis Federation (ITF) defines the official diameter as 6.54–6.86 cm (2.57–2.70 inches). Balls must have masses in the range 56.0–59.4g (1.98–2.10 ounces). Yellow and white are the only colors approved by the ITF, and most balls produced are a fluorescent yellow known as "optic yellow".

Tennis balls are filled with air and are surfaced by a uniform felt-covered rubber compound. The felt delays flow separation in the boundary layer which reduces aerodynamic drag and gives the ball better flight properties. Often the balls will have a number on them in addition to the brand name. This helps distinguish one set of balls from another of the same brand on an adjacent court.

Tennis balls begin to lose their bounce as soon as the tennis ball can is opened. They can be tested to determine their bounce. Modern regulation tennis balls are kept under pressure (approximately two atmospheres) until initially used; balls intended for use at high altitudes have a lower initial pressure, and inexpensive practice balls are made without internal pressurization. A ball is tested for bounce by dropping it from a height of 254cm (100 inches) onto concrete; a bounce between 135 and 147cm (53 and 58 inches) is acceptable if taking place at sea-level and 20°C (68°F) with relative humidity of 60%; high-altitude balls have different characteristics when tested at sea level.

The ITF's "Play and Stay" campaign aims to increase tennis participation worldwide, by improving the way starter players are introduced to the game. The ITF recommends a progression that focuses on a range of slower balls and smaller court sizes to introduce the game effectively to both adults and children. The slowest balls, marked with red, or using half red felt, are oversized and unpressurized, or made from foam rubber. The next, in orange, are unpressurized normal sized balls. The last, with green, are half pressured normal sized.

COST ESTIMATION

Plant Capacity            3000 Nos./Day  

Land & Building (1000 sq.mt.)    Rs. 1.55 Cr    

Plant & Machinery                    Rs. 65 Lac 

Working Capital for 1 Month    Rs. 28 Lac 

Total Capital Investment          Rs. 2.62 Cr 

Rate of Return                          24%

Break Even Point                      70%

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

SPORTS GOODS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

MAJOR ESTABLISHMENTS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

CURRENT SCENARIO OF SPORTS GOOD INDUSTRY IN INDIA

EXPORT DESTINATIONS

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

MARKET DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE (MDA) SCHEME

MARKET ACCESS INITIATIVE (MAI)

TYPES OF TENNIS BALL

1. REGULAR DUTY BALL:

2. EXTRA DUTY BALL:

3. GRASS DUTY BALL:

4. HIGH ALTITUDE DUTY BALL:

SEQUENCES IN TENNIS BALL MANUFACTURE

STAGE 1: PRODUCTION OF SOLUTIONS

STAGE 2: FORMULATIONS

STAGE 3: EXTRUDE

STAGE 4: FORM

STAGE 5: EDGE BUFF

STAGE 6: CURE AND INFLATE

STAGE 7: CORE SOLUTION

STAGE 8: FABRIC COVER

STAGE 9: MOULDING

STAGE 10: STEAMING

STAGE 11: FINISHING

KEY STEPS IN TENNIS BALL MANUFACTURE

STEP TWO

STEP THREE

STEP FOUR

STEP FIVE

STEP SIX

STEP SEVEN

STEP EIGHT

STEP NINE

STEP TEN

END OF THE LINE

TENNIS BALL MATERIALS & MANUFACTURE

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

CLOTH

PROPERTIES OF CLOTH

RUBBER

EXAMPLE RUBBER FORMULATIONS FOR A PRESSURISED AND PRESSURELESS BALL CORE COMPOUND (IN PER HUNDRED RUBBERS, PHR)

PROPERTIES OF RUBBER

ELASTIC PROPERTIES

FORMULATION & TENNIS BALL CORE

TENNIS BALL REGULATIONS & TEST STANDARDS

BALL IMPACT MECHANICS

COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION (COR)

CONTACT TIME

CONTACT AREA

CONTACT FORCE

DEFORMATION

OBLIQUE IMPACTS

BALL DEGRADATION

FELT

MASS LOSS

KEY POINTS FOR QC INSPECTION OF TENNIS BALLS

REMOVING "SET"

ACCLIMATIZATION AND DECOMPRESSION

DEFORMATION TESTING

REBOUND TESTING

COLOR OBSERVATION

PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT

STORAGE LAYOUT:

EQUIPMENT LAYOUT:

SAFETY:

PLANT EXPANSION:

FLOOR SPACE:

UTILITIES SERVICING:

BUILDING:

MATERIAL-HANDLING EQUIPMENT:

RAILROADS AND ROADS:

MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE SERVICE ARE:

PLANT LOCATION FACTORS

PRIMARY FACTORS

1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:

2. MARKETS:

3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:

4. WATER SUPPLY:

5. CLIMATE:

SPECIFIC FACTORS

6. TRANSPORTATION:

A. AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS SERVICES AND PROJECTED RATES

7. WASTE DISPOSAL:

8. LABOR:

9. REGULATORY LAWS:

10. TAXES:

11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:

12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:

13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:

14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:

EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT

1. DEPRECIATION:

2. FIXED ASSETS:

3. WORKING CAPITAL:

4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:

5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:

6. MARGIN MONEY:

7. TOTAL LOAD:

8. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES

INTRODUCTION

PROJECT HANDLING

PROJECT SCHEDULING

PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE

TIME SCHEDULE

ADDRESSES OF RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIERS FOR LOWN TENNIS BALL ADDRESSES OF PLANT AND MACHINERY SUPPLIERS 

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS

02. LAND & BUILDING

03. PLANT AND MACHINERY

04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS

05. FIXED CAPITAL

06. RAW MATERIAL

07. SALARY AND WAGES

08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS

09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL

10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT

11. COST OF PRODUCTION

12. TURN OVER/ANNUM

13. BREAK EVEN POINT

14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE

15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS

16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS

17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS

18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)