CITRIC ACID USING CORN
[EIRI/EDPR/4464] J.C.: 2675INR, 2676US$
Citric acid (C6H8O7, 2-hydroxy-1,2, 3-propane tricarboxylic acid), a natural constituent and common metabolite of plants and animals, is the most versatile and widely used organic acid in the field of food (60%) and pharmaceuticals (10%). It has got several other applications in various other fields.
Citric acid is mainly used in food industry because of its pleasant acid taste an its high solubility in water. It is worldwide accepted as "GRAS" (generally recognized as safe), approved by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries retain 10% of its utilization and the remainder is used for various other purposes.
A large number of micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi and yeasts have been employed to produce citric acid. Most of them, however, are not able to produce commercially acceptable yields. This fact could be explained by the fact that citric acid is a metabolite of energy metabolism and its accumulation rises in appreciable amounts only under conditions of drastic imbalances. A. niger and certain yeasts such as Saccharomycopsis sp. are employed for commercial production. However, the fungus A. niger has remained the organism of choice for commercial production. The main advantages of using this micro-organism are: (a) its ease of handling, (b) its ability to ferment a variety of cheap raw materials, and (c) high yields.
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 66.667 MT/Day
Land & Building (24,000 sq.mt.) Rs. 10.26 Cr
Plant & Machinery Rs. 49.72 Cr
Working Capital for 1 Month Rs. 9.63 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 71.17 Cr
Rate of Return 53%
Break Even Point 45%
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MARKET POSITION
EUROPE DOMINATES THE CITRIC ACID MARKET
COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
MAJOR PLAYERS
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
CONSUMPTION OF CITRIC ACID IN INDIA
TOP 5 IMPORT DESTINATIONS OF CITRIC ACID
EXPORT OF CITRIC ACID
TOP 5 EXPORT DESTINATIONS OF CITRIC ACID
MARKET SEGMENTATION
WORLD PRODUCTION PATTERN OF CITRIC ACID
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF CITRIC ACID
MICRO-ORGANISM FOR CITRIC ACID PRODUCTION
TABLE MICRO-ORGANISMS EMPLOYED FOR CITRIC ACID PRODUCTION
STRAINS SELECTION AND IMPROVEMENT
PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE OF CITRIC ACID
LIQUID FERMENTATION
PROCESS PARAMETERS
SUBMERGED FERMENTATION
PURIFICATION
SEPARATION
DIFFERENT WAYS FOR CITRIC ACID PRODUCTION
SURFACE FERMENTATION PROCESS
SOLID STATE FERMENTATION
SUBMERGED FERMENTATION
PRODUCT RECOVERY
PURIFICATION
FURTHER PURIFICATION
MONO HYDRATE
ANHYDROUS
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CITRIC ACID (MONOHYDRATE) & ANHYDROUS
RECOVERY OF CITRIC ACID (MONOHYDRATE & ANHYDROUS)
PROCESSING OF CITRIC BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER UNDER DIFFERENT
FERMENTATION
COLLECTION OF WASTE MATERIALS
PREPARATION OF INOCULUMS
FERMENTATION
ANALYSIS OF FERMENTATION MEDIA
ESTIMATION OF SUGARS
EXTRACTION OF CITRIC ACID
ESTIMATION OF CITRIC ACID
SAMPLE PREPARATION
HPLC ANALYSIS
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
PROPERTIES
TABLE 1: DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS CITRIC ACID SOLUTIONS AT 15OCA
TABLE 2: FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION AND BOILING POINT ELEVATION
OF AQUEOUS CITRIC ACID SOLUTIONSA
TABLE 3: SOLUBILITY OF ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN WATERA
TABLE 4: SOLUBILITY OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AT 25OCA
TABLE 5: SOLUBILITY OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN
SOME ORGANIC SOLVENTS AT 25OCA,B
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USES AND APPLICATION OF CITRIC ACID
TABLE APPLICATIONS OF CITRIC ACID
I.S.I. SPECIFICATIONS
GRADE:-
QUALITY TESTING OF CITRIC ACID
1. DETERMINATION OF CITRIC ACID CONTENT
REAGENTS
CALCULATION
WHERE
2. DETERMINATION OF SULPHATED ASH
APPARATUS
REAGENT
CALCULATION
WHERE
3. TEST FOR HEAVY METALS (AS PB)
APPARATUS
REAGENTS
OUTLINE OF THE METHOD
FOR GRADE 1:
FOR GRADE 2:
REAGENTS
PROCEDURE
FOR GRADE 1:
FOR GRADE 2:
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
STORAGE LAYOUT:
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT:
SAFETY:
PLANT EXPANSION:
FLOOR SPACE:
UTILITIES SERVICING:
BUILDING:
MATERIAL-HANDLING EQUIPMENT:
RAILROADS AND ROADS:
MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE SERVICE ARE:
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
PRIMARY FACTORS
1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
2. MARKETS:
3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
4. WATER SUPPLY:
5. CLIMATE:
SPECIFIC FACTORS
6. TRANSPORTATION:
A. AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS SERVICES AND PROJECTED RATES
7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
8. LABOR:
9. REGULATORY LAWS:
10. TAXES:
11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
1. DEPRECIATION:
2. FIXED ASSETS:
3. WORKING CAPITAL:
4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
6. MARGIN MONEY:
7. TOTAL LOAD:
8. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT HANDLING
PROJECT SCHEDULING
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
TIME SCHEDULE
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
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