Industry Overview
Citric acid (C6H8O7), also known as 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propane tricarboxylic acid, is a natural constituent and common metabolite of plants and animals. It is one of the most versatile and widely used organic acids, with major applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries as well as in several other fields.
The food industry accounts for approximately 60% of citric acid utilization, while the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries account for about 10%. Citric acid is extensively used in food products because of its pleasant acidic taste and high solubility in water. It is widely accepted as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) and has been approved by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
Citric acid can be produced using various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. However, only selected microorganisms provide commercially acceptable yields. Aspergillus niger has remained the preferred organism for commercial production because it is easy to handle, can ferment a variety of low-cost raw materials, and provides high yields. Certain yeasts, including Saccharomycopsis species, have also been employed for production.
Cost Estimation
| Plant Capacity | 66.667 MT/Day |
|---|---|
| Land & Building (24,000 sq.mt.) | Rs. 10.26 Cr |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 49.72 Cr |
| Working Capital for 1 Month | Rs. 9.63 Cr |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 71.17 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 53% |
| Break Even Point | 45% |
Content Index
Appendix
Frequently Asked Questions
Citric acid is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industrial applications.
Its pleasant acidic taste and high solubility in water make it particularly useful in food products. The report identifies the food industry as the largest area of utilization, while pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications also represent important uses. Citric acid is additionally employed in several other fields because of its useful chemical and physical properties.
Citric acid is produced industrially primarily through microbial fermentation.
The project report describes several production approaches, including surface fermentation, solid-state fermentation, and submerged fermentation. Commercial production commonly relies on selected microorganisms capable of generating high citric acid yields from suitable raw materials. The report also covers inoculum preparation, fermentation, product recovery, extraction, purification, and analytical procedures used during production.
Aspergillus niger is widely used because it is easy to handle, accepts various low-cost raw materials, and can provide high yields.
The report notes that many microorganisms can produce citric acid, but only some are suitable for commercially acceptable production. A. niger has therefore remained the organism of choice for commercial manufacture. Its suitability is associated with its fermentation characteristics and ability to accumulate citric acid under appropriate production conditions.
The main stages include raw-material preparation, inoculum preparation, fermentation, recovery, separation, purification, and product finishing.
Depending on the selected process, fermentation may be carried out using surface, solid-state, or submerged methods. The report also includes process parameters, analysis of fermentation media, sugar estimation, citric acid extraction and estimation, sample preparation, HPLC analysis, and statistical analysis. Further purification can be used to obtain hydrated or anhydrous citric acid products.
A citric acid plant location should be evaluated using raw-material availability, markets, utilities, transportation, waste disposal, labor, regulations, and site conditions.
The report divides location considerations into primary and specific factors. These include raw-material supply, market access, power and fuel, water, climate, transportation services, waste disposal, labor availability, regulatory laws, taxes, site characteristics, community factors, flood and fire control, and other considerations. Proper evaluation of these factors can support efficient plant operation and long-term project planning.
The report includes testing for citric acid content, sulphated ash, and heavy metals.
The quality-testing section describes determination of citric acid content along with the relevant reagents and calculations. It also covers determination of sulphated ash and testing for heavy metals expressed as lead. The report further includes apparatus, reagents, procedures, and grade-specific testing provisions, together with analytical techniques such as HPLC analysis elsewhere in the project documentation.
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