Industry Overview
Bromine is a deep red, fuming liquid and the only non-metallic element that is liquid at normal temperature and pressure. A member of Group VII of the periodic table, bromine occurs in nature mainly in the combined state as bromides and is dispersed through sources such as seawater, salt lakes, brines, saline deposits, and concentrated sea bitterns. Commercial bromine production has traditionally relied on saline mother liquors remaining after crystallization of salt, with chlorine used to oxidize bromide and release elemental bromine.
Bromine was discovered in the early 19th century and was initially associated with bromide salts used in medicine. Its industrial importance increased substantially with the development of photographic processes using silver bromide. Bromine recovery from seawater and brines subsequently became important as industrial demand expanded. The Dow Chemical Co. developed a process for bromine recovery from seawater in 1933.
Industrial recovery of bromine from sea or salt bittern generally follows either the Steaming Out Process, also known as the Hot Process, or the Air Blowing Process, known as the Cold Process. The hot process uses chlorination together with live steam, while the cold process uses chlorination followed by air blowing under cold conditions. The project report covers bromine sources, properties, specifications, manufacturing processes, plant operations, safety, storage, handling, suppliers, regulatory requirements, and project economics.
Cost Estimation
| Cost Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Plant Capacity | 3.34 MT/Day |
| Land & Building (6000 sq.mt.) | Rs. 2.63 Cr |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 7.08 Cr |
| Working Capital for 3 Months | Rs. 3.92 Cr |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 14.04 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 38% |
| Break Even Point | 49% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- STEAMING OUT PROCESS (HOT PROCESS)
- AIR BLOWING PROCESS (COLD PROCESS)
- USES, SOURCE AND SAFETY OF BROMINE
- USE OF BROMINE
- SOURCES OF BROMINE
- SAFETY FIRST
- PROPERTIES
- USES & APPLICATION
- SOURCES OF BROMINE
- SOURCES OF BROMINE
- NATURAL SOURCES FOR BROMINE ARE CHLORIDE SOURCES SUCH AS:
- INDUSTRIAL SOURCES FOR BROMINE RECOVERY ARE:
- INDIAN MARKET OF BROMINE
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF BROMINE
- MAJOR BROMINE MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES
- RAW MATERIAL SECTION
- MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHLORINE HANDLING:-
- SPECIFICATION OF LIQUID BROMINE
- B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
- SCOPE:-
- REQUIREMENTS:-
- TABLE - 1: REQUIREMENTS FOR BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- PACKING & MARKETING:-
- PACKING:-
- MARKING:-
- SAMPLING:-
- ANALYSIS OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- DETERMINATION OF BROMINE:-
- DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE:-
- DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER:-
- PROCEDURE:-
- TEST FOR IODINE:-
- ZINC DUST:-
- TEST FOR SULPHATES:-
- SAMPLING OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE DRAWN FOR SAMPLING
- LOCATION OF THE PLANT
- HEALTH & SAFETY FACTORS
- STEPS IN LIQUID BROMINE MANUFACTURE FROM SALT BITTERNS
- PROCESSES OF LIQUID BROMINE FROM SALT BITTERNS
- COLD PROCESS
- (AIR BLOWING PROCESS)
- HOT PROCESS (STEAM FEED PROCESS)
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF LIQUID BROMINE FROM SALT BITTERNS
- PROCESSING DETAILS OF BROMINE MANUFACTURE
- BROMINE GENERATION
- BROMINE SEPARATION
- PURIFICATION AND DRYING
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF BROMINE FROM BRINE
- BROMINE RECOVERY PLANT
- BROMINE CAN BE RECOVERED FROM TWO SOURCES
- A) STEAMING OUT PROCESS (HOT PROCESS)
- B) AIR BLOWING PROCESS (COLD PROCESS)
- BROMINE PROCESSES
- PRODUCTION OF BROMINE
- PROCESSING DETAILS OF BROMINE RECOVERY
- DETAILS OF BROMINE PRODUCTION
- THE BROMINE-GENERATING STEP
- EXPLAIN.
- RESIDUAL ORGANIC MATTER FOUND IN DEAD SEA WATER
- SIDE-REACTIONS OCCURRING IN THE REACTION TOWER
- 1. CONDENSATION
- 2. SEPARATION
- 3. PURIFICATION
- TECNICALITIES IN LIQUID BROMINE
- PROCESS
- THE FOUR PRINCIPAL STEPS IN BROMINE PRODUCTION ARE
- STEAMING OUT PROCESS:-
- DOW PROCESS:-
- SAFETY IN BROMINE PLANT
- EFFICIENT RECOVERY OF BROMINE FROM SEA BITTERN
- MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR LIQUID BROMINE
- CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
- COMPOSITION AND INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
- HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
- POTENTIAL ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS:
- POTENTIAL CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS:
- FIRST AID MEASURES
- EYE CONTACT:
- SKIN CONTACT:
- SERIOUS SKIN CONTACT:
- INHALATION:
- SERIOUS INHALATION:
- INGESTION:
- FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA
- ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
- LARGE SPILL:
- HANDLING AND STORAGE
- PRECAUTIONS:
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- SOLUBILITY:
- SAFE HANDLING OF BROMINE LEAKAGE
- SAFE STORAGE OF BROMINE
- SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF BROMINE
- THE BROMINE STORAGE TANK SIGN IS AS FOLLOWS:
- SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
- CONSULTANT FOR LIQUID BROMINE PLANT
- SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
- SUPPLIERS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
- SUPPLIERS OF CONDENSER
- SUPPLIERS OF DISTILLATION COLUMN
- SUPPLIERS OF STORAGE VESSEL (STORAGE TANKS)
- SUPPLIERS OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPLIERS OF D.G. SETS
- SUPPLIERS OF BOILERS
- SUPPLIERS OF EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)
- SUPPLIERS OF INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
- GOVT. LICENSE DETAILS FOR LIQUID BROMINE PLANT
Appendix
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
Bromine is a reddish-brown, fuming liquid that occurs naturally mainly as bromide compounds. It is found in seawater, salt lakes, brines, saline deposits, and concentrated sea bitterns. Because bromine is present in very small quantities in these sources, industrial recovery requires concentration and chemical conversion of bromide into elemental bromine. Sea bitterns, which remain after salt crystallization from seawater, are particularly relevant as a bromine-containing raw material for industrial recovery.
Bromine is recovered from sea bittern by oxidizing bromide with chlorine and separating the liberated bromine. The report describes two principal recovery routes: the Steaming Out Process, or Hot Process, and the Air Blowing Process, or Cold Process. In the hot process, chlorination is combined with live steam to heat the bittern and release bromine. In the cold process, chlorination is followed by air blowing under cold conditions to strip the bromine for subsequent separation and purification.
The Steaming Out Process is a hot-process method in which chlorination and steam stripping are used to recover bromine from bittern. Chlorine oxidizes bromide in the feed to liberate elemental bromine, while live steam heats the bittern close to its boiling point and assists in driving the bromine from the liquid phase. The recovered bromine-containing vapour is then subjected to condensation, separation, purification, and drying as required. The process requires appropriate equipment and safety controls because bromine and chlorine are hazardous chemicals.
The Air Blowing Process is a cold-process method for releasing bromine from bromide-containing bittern after chlorination. In this route, chlorine oxidizes bromide to elemental bromine and air is used to strip the liberated bromine from the liquid under comparatively cold conditions. The bromine-bearing stream is subsequently processed through separation and purification stages. Compared with the hot process, the air-blowing route avoids simultaneous steam heating during bromine liberation, making process conditions and equipment configuration different from those used in steaming-out operations.
Bromine has applications across chemical and industrial sectors, while bromide compounds have also had historical pharmaceutical uses. One important historical industrial application was photography, where silver bromide served as a light-sensitive material in photographic emulsions. Bromine and bromine compounds are also used as intermediates and in various specialized chemical applications. The report discusses the uses and applications of bromine along with its sources, properties, specifications, handling requirements, and industrial recovery processes.
Strict engineering, handling, storage, emergency-response, and personal-protection measures are essential in a liquid bromine plant. Bromine is corrosive and hazardous by inhalation and contact, while chlorine used in recovery operations presents additional hazards. The report addresses safe handling of bromine leakage, storage, transportation, first aid, accidental releases, and emergency considerations. Appropriate containment, compatible materials of construction, ventilation, process controls, protective equipment, leak detection, emergency procedures, and trained personnel are important elements of a safe bromine recovery operation.
A bromine recovery plant requires process and utility equipment selected for corrosive and hazardous chemical service. The report specifically covers plant and machinery suppliers for equipment such as heat exchangers, condensers, distillation columns, storage vessels, laboratory equipment, D.G. sets, boilers, effluent treatment plants, and instrumentation and process-control equipment. The actual equipment configuration depends on the selected recovery process, feed characteristics, plant capacity, purification requirements, and applicable safety and material-compatibility considerations.
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