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Industry Overview
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is an essential industrial chemical widely used as an intermediate in the fertilizer industry, for metal surface treatment in metallurgical applications, and as an additive in the food industry. Its most significant application is the manufacture of phosphatic fertilizers, which play an important role in improving agricultural productivity and crop quality.
Wet-process phosphoric acid (WPA) is primarily produced by reacting phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. Alternative wet-process technologies utilize hydrochloric acid followed by solvent extraction for purification. The characteristics of phosphate ore, particularly its chloride content and the interaction of hydrofluoric acid formed during processing with silica, alumina, and magnesia impurities, significantly influence corrosion behavior during production.
Phosphoric acid manufacturing facilities encounter several forms of corrosion, including erosion-corrosion, selective corrosion, pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, intergranular corrosion, and high-temperature corrosion. Laboratory investigations and plant-scale corrosion testing are commonly conducted to identify these mechanisms, while specialized erosion-corrosion measurement instruments are used to monitor equipment performance and improve operational reliability.
The phosphoric acid industry is established across Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, particularly in countries with phosphate rock mining operations and phosphatic fertilizer production. Owing to its broad industrial applications and strategic importance to agriculture and manufacturing, phosphoric acid remains a key chemical in global industrial processes.
Cost Estimation
| Particular | Value |
|---|---|
| Plant Capacity | 5 MT/Day |
| Land & Building (4000 sq.mt.) | Rs. 5.49 Cr |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 1.69 Cr |
| Working Capital for 1 Months | Rs. 1.31 Cr |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 8.85 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 25% |
| Break Even Point | 60% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- PROPERTIES
- PHOSPHORIC ACID POSSESSES FOLLOWING PROPERTIES:-
- USES & APPLICATIONS
- PHOSPHORIC ACID IS USED IN A NUMBER OF AREAS, FEW OF ITS
- USES ARE GIVEN BELOW:-
- THE USES AND APPLICATION IN THE PERCENTAGE CAN BE GIVEN
- AS FOLLOWS:-
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF PHOSPHORIC ACID
- SPECIFICATION OF ORTHOPHORIC ACID (SECOND REVISION)
- FOREWORD
- 1. SCOPE
- 2. GRADES
- 3. REQUIREMENTS
- 4. PACKING AND MARKING
- 5. SAMPLING
- METHODS OF TEST FOR ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID
- A-1 QUALITY OF REAGENTS
- A-2 DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE DENSITY
- A-3 DETERMINATION OF ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID CONTENT
- A-3.1 METHOD A
- A-3.1.1 REAGENTS
- A-3.1.3 CALCULATION
- WHERE
- A-3.2 METHOD B
- A-3.2.1 REAGENTS
- A-3.2.1.2 STANDARD SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION - 1 N
- A-3.2.1.3 SODIUM CHLORIDE
- A-3.2.3 CALCULATION
- WHERE
- A-3.3.1 REAGENTS
- A-3.3.1.1 REAGENT A
- A-3.3.2 PROCEDURE
- A-3.3.3 CALCULATION
- A-4 TEST FOR IRON
- A-4.1 APPARATUS
- A-4.2 REAGENTS
- A-4.3 PROCEDURE
- A-4.3.1 FOR ‘TECHNICAL GRADE’
- WHERE
- A-5 TEST FOR CHLORIDES
- A-5.1 APPARATUS
- A-5.2 REAGENTS
- A-5.3 PROCEDURE
- A-6 TEST FOR SULPHATES
- A-6.2.4 CALCULATION
- A-7 TEST FOR ARSENIC
- A-8 TEST FOR ANTIMONY
- A-9 TEST FOR NITRATES
- A-10 TEST FOR HEAVY METALS
- A-11 TEST FOR SILICA
- A-12 TEST FOR CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
- A-13 TEST FOR OXYGEN ABSORBED
- A-14 TEST FOR VOLATILE ACIDS
- A-15 TEST FOR MANGANESE
- SAMPLING OF ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID
- B-L GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF SAMPLING
- B-2 SCALE OF SAMPLING
- B-3 PREPARATION OF TEST SAMPLES
- B-4 NUMBER OF TESTS
- B-5 CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PHOSPHORIC ACID [TECHNICALGRADE]
- FROM CRUDE PHOSPHORIC ACID
- SOLVENT EXTRACTION IS PERFORMED USING
- SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND STRIPPING
- SOLVENT PURIFICATION:
- SOLVENT WASHING:
- METAL REMOVAL:
- SOLVENT REGENERATION:
- CONCENTRATION:
- DECOLORIZATION:
- HCL STRIPPING AND FINAL CONCENTRATION:
- DEFLUORINATION:
- OXIDATION:
- WASTE TREATMENT:
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
- PURITY TEST FOR PHOSPHORIC ACID
- GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
- VOLUMETRIC METHOD
- MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF PHOSPHORIC ACID
- SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
- SUPPLIERS OF HYDRATED LIME (CALCIUM HYDROXIDE)
- ADDRESSES OF PLANT AND SUPPLIERS
- SUPPLIERS OF DRYERS
- SUPPLIERS OF MIXERS
- SUPPLIERS OF AGITATORS
- SUPPLIERS OF EVAPORATOR
- SUPPLIERS OF PRESSURE VESSEL
- SUPPLIERS OF STORAGE VESSELS
- SUPPLIERS OF FILTER PRESS
- SUPPLIERS OF CENTRIFUGE MACHINE
Appendix
- APPENDIX A
- APPENDIX B
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
Phosphoric acid is primarily used in the production of phosphatic fertilizers. It is also widely applied in metal surface treatment, food processing, and various industrial chemical processes. Its importance stems from its versatility and its essential role in agriculture, where phosphate-based fertilizers help improve soil fertility and crop productivity.
Wet-process phosphoric acid is produced by reacting phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. The reaction generates phosphoric acid and by-products that require separation and purification. Some production routes also employ hydrochloric acid followed by solvent extraction to obtain higher-purity phosphoric acid for technical or specialized applications.
Corrosion is a significant operational challenge because phosphoric acid production involves highly aggressive chemicals and mineral impurities. Equipment may experience erosion-corrosion, pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, selective corrosion, and other degradation mechanisms. Proper material selection, corrosion monitoring, and maintenance practices help improve plant reliability and extend equipment life.
Chloride content in phosphate rock and the interaction of hydrofluoric acid with silica, alumina, and magnesia impurities are key factors influencing corrosion. These conditions affect the severity and type of corrosion encountered in processing equipment, making raw material quality an important consideration for plant performance.
Phosphoric acid is widely used in the fertilizer, metallurgical, food processing, and chemical manufacturing industries. Depending on its purity, it serves as a raw material for fertilizers, a metal treatment chemical, a food additive, and an intermediate for producing phosphate-based products.
Quality testing ensures that phosphoric acid meets the required specifications for its intended application. Standardized methods for measuring purity, density, and impurities such as iron, chlorides, sulphates, arsenic, and heavy metals help maintain consistent product quality, regulatory compliance, and safe industrial use.
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