Industry Overview
Salt, originally referring to the residue obtained by evaporating seawater, is now commonly associated with sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound essential to human life and widely used in industry. Major sources of salt include seawater, lake water, and rock salt deposits. Salt can be recovered through solar evaporation, mining, or brine extraction.
Industrial demand for salt has expanded because of its direct applications and its importance as a raw material for producing other chemicals. Salt production methods include solar evaporation of seawater, vacuum salt production, and recovery from brine.
Bromine is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid and the only non-metallic element that is liquid at normal temperature. It occurs naturally in the combined state as bromides in seawater, salt lakes, brines, and saline deposits. Sea bitterns, the concentrated liquor remaining after crystallization of salt from seawater, are particularly suitable for bromine recovery.
Bromine has historically been used in medicinal bromides and became industrially important with the development of photographic materials based on silver bromide. Commercial bromine production subsequently expanded through recovery from brines, salt lakes, and seawater. Industrial processes commonly involve oxidation of bromide to bromine using chlorine, followed by separation and further processing. The project report covers salt production, bromine extraction from seawater, purification, manufacturing processes, safety, quality specifications, equipment, environmental control, and project economics.
Cost Estimation
| Particulars | Value |
|---|---|
| Plant Capacity | 11.67 MT/Day |
| Land & Building (20 Acres) | Rs. 24.34 Cr |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 8.20 Cr |
| Working Capital for 1 Month | Rs. 5.28 Cr |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 39.03 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 33% |
| Break Even Point | 47% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- SOURCE AND SAFETY OF BROMINE
- SAFETY FIRST
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF SALT
- PRODUCTION OF SALT IN PAST FEW YEARS
- GROWTH OF CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY OF INDIA
- DEMAND, HOWEVER, EXPECTED TO SEE MORE ROBUST GROWTH
- EXPORT OF SALT FROM INDIA
- INDIA'S SALT EXPORT (IN TONES)
- EXPORT OF SALT FROM GUJARAT
- EXPORT OF SALT FROM GUJARAT
- PROPERTIES OF SALT
- SALT IS A CHEMICAL COMPOUND WITH THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES:
- POTASSIUM IODIDE
- PROPERTIES OF BROMINE
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SALT FROM SEAWATER
- DETAILS OF SALT PURIFICATION PROCESS
- TABLE.1 - CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME IONS FOUND IN SEAWATER
- THE PRODUCTION OF SOLAR SALT
- THE PRODUCTION OF VACUUM SALT
- FURTHER PROCESSING
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR SALT RECOVERY FROM SEA WATER
- PRODUCTION METHODS OF SALT
- SOLAR EVAPORATION METHOD
- VACUUM PAN SALT PRODUCTION
- SALT PRODUCTION FROM BRINE
- SALT PRODUCTION BY SOLAR EVAPORATION OF SEA WATER
- BRINE EVAPORATORS AND SALT PRODUCTION
- EVAPORATED SALT PRODUCTION
- CRYSTALLISING EVAPORATORS
- VACUUM DRIERS
- 1. DRUM DRIER
- 2. VACUUM ROTARY DRIER
- USES AND APPLICATION OF BROMINE
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF BROMINE
- MAJOR BROMINE MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES
- INCREASING DEMAND FOR FLAME RETARDANTS
- MAJOR PLAYERS
- RAW MATERIAL SECTION
- MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHLORINE HANDLING
- B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
- SCOPE
- REQUIREMENTS
- TABLE - 1: REQUIREMENTS FOR BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- PACKING & MARKETING
- PACKING
- MARKING
- SAMPLING
- ANALYSIS OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- CALCULATION:
- WHERE,
- DETERMINATION OF BROMINE
- PROCEDURE
- WHERE:
- WHERE
- DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE
- PROCEDURE
- CALCULATION
- WHERE,
- DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER
- PROCEDURE
- CALCULATION
- WHERE,
- TEST FOR IODINE
- ZINC DUST
- TEST FOR SULPHATES
- PROCEDURE
- SAMPLING OF BROMINE TECHNICAL
- NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE DRAWN FOR SAMPLING
- PROCESS OF BROMINE MANUFACTURE
- A) STEAMING OUT PROCESS (HOT PROCESS)
- B) AIR BLOWING PROCESS (COLD PROCESS)
- PRODUCTION OF BROMINE
- BLOCK SCHEME A - BROMINE PRODUCTION
- DEBROMINATION
- BLOCK SCHEME B - DEBROMINATION
- EXTRACTION OF BROMINE FROM SEA WATER
- OXIDATION OF BROMIDE TO BROMINE
- REMOVAL OF BROMINE WATER
- REDUCTION OF BROMINE TO HYDROBROMIC ACID
- OXIDATION OF HYDROBROMIC ACID TO BROMINE
- PRE TREATMENT FOR EXTRACTION BROMINE
- FIGURE: ACID PROCESS BROMINE PROCESS
- ETP PROCESS
- STAGES IN BROMINE MANUFACTURE
- OXIDATION OF BROMIDE IONS TO FORM BROMINE
- BROMINE VAPOUR REMOVAL
- PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN BROMIDE
- OXIDATION OF HYDROGEN BROMIDE TO BROMINE
- HOW A HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL LIKE BROMINE IS HANDLED
- DETAILS OF LIQUID BROMINE MANUFACTURE
- PROCESS
- THE FOUR PRINCIPAL STEPS IN BROMINE PRODUCTION ARE
- STEAMING OUT PROCESS
- DOW PROCESS
- SAFETY IN BROMINE PLANT
- SAFE HANDLING OF BROMINE LEAKAGE
- SAFE STORAGE OF BROMINE
- SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF BROMINE
- THE BROMINE STORAGE TANK SIGN IS AS FOLLOWS:
- DETAILS OF EXTRACTION BROMINE FROM SEA WATER
- FROM SEA WATER
- RAW MATERIAL
- BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR MANUFACTURING PROCESS
- REACTION
- PROCESS DIVIDES IN THREE STEPS
- AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS & THEIR CONTROL
- ADDRESSES OF RAW MATERIALS SUPPLIERS
- ADDRESSES OF PLANT & MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
- MACHINERY SUPPLIERS OF SALT FARMING
- SUPPLIERS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
- SUPPLIERS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
- SUPPLIERS OF CONDENSER
- SUPPLIERS OF DISTILLATION COLUMN
- SUPPLIERS OF STORAGE VESSEL (STORAGE TANKS)
- SUPPLIERS OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPLIERS OF D.G. SETS
- SUPPLIERS OF BOILERS
- SUPPLIERS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)
- SUPPLIERS OF INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
- GOVT. LICENSE DETAILS FOR LIQUID BROMINE PLANT
Appendix
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
Bromine is extracted from seawater by oxidizing dissolved bromide ions to elemental bromine and then separating the bromine from the resulting bromine-containing stream.
The report describes processes in which bromide is oxidized using chlorine, after which bromine is removed from the water by suitable separation methods. Depending on the process configuration, bromine may be recovered through steaming out or air blowing, followed by further purification or conversion steps. Pretreatment, debromination, environmental control, and safe handling are important parts of an industrial bromine recovery plant.
The principal bromine-bearing raw materials are seawater, brines, sea bitterns, salt-lake solutions, and saline deposits.
These sources contain bromine primarily in the form of bromide compounds rather than free elemental bromine. Sea bitterns are concentrated solutions remaining after salt crystallization and can therefore provide a relatively bromine-rich feed. Industrial production also requires process chemicals and utilities appropriate to the selected extraction route. The report specifically discusses bromine extraction from seawater and includes sections covering raw materials, pretreatment, process reactions, equipment, and environmental control.
The main salt production methods described in the report are solar evaporation, vacuum pan production, and salt recovery from brine.
Solar evaporation uses the sun to concentrate saline water and promote salt crystallization, while vacuum processes use controlled evaporation under reduced pressure. Brine-based production can involve evaporators and crystallizing equipment followed by drying. The report also covers evaporated salt production, crystallising evaporators, vacuum driers, drum driers, and vacuum rotary driers, showing how different technologies can be integrated to obtain the required salt quality and physical characteristics.
Bromine requires strict industrial controls because it is a reactive, corrosive, volatile, and toxic chemical.
Its reddish-brown vapour and irritating odour are characteristic of the substance, and exposure can present serious hazards. Industrial facilities therefore require suitable materials of construction, closed handling systems, controlled storage, leak detection and response procedures, ventilation, personal protective equipment, and emergency arrangements. The report includes dedicated sections on safety in bromine plants, leakage handling, storage, transportation, and the identification requirements associated with bromine storage tanks.
Sea bitterns provide a concentrated bromide-bearing stream that can serve as a raw material for bromine recovery.
Bitterns are the concentrated mother liquor left after sodium chloride crystallizes from seawater. Because a substantial portion of the salt has already been removed, the remaining solution can contain higher concentrations of other dissolved salts, including bromides. Historically, bromine was manufactured as a byproduct from such saline mother liquors. The report identifies sea bitterns, along with seawater, brines, salt lakes, and potassium-salt deposits, as important bromine sources.
Bromine is used in several industrial applications, including flame-retardant chemistry and other bromine-based products.
The report notes that bromides were an early medicinal application and that bromine became industrially important through photographic processes involving silver bromide. It also discusses increasing demand for flame retardants and provides sections on bromine applications and market development. Industrial bromine may be further converted into bromine-containing intermediates and compounds for use in different chemical manufacturing applications, with the exact end use depending on product grade and downstream processing requirements.
A bromine manufacturing plant typically requires extraction, reaction, separation, storage, environmental-control, and process-monitoring equipment.
The report identifies equipment and supplier categories covering heat exchangers, condensers, distillation columns, storage vessels, laboratory equipment, boilers, D.G. sets, effluent treatment plants, and instrumentation and process-control equipment. The precise equipment arrangement depends on the selected bromine recovery process, feed characteristics, capacity, product specifications, and safety requirements. Materials of construction are particularly important because bromine and associated process streams can be highly corrosive and hazardous.
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