Industry Overview
Salt, originally referring to the residue obtained by evaporating seawater, is now broadly associated with sodium chloride and other chemical salts. Sodium chloride is essential to human life and has long been commercially important both for direct consumption and as a raw material for chemical industries. Major salt sources include seawater, lake water, brine, and rock salt deposits, with recovery methods including solar evaporation, mining, solution mining, and vacuum evaporation.
The report also covers bromine, a reddish-brown, heavy, mobile liquid and the only non-metallic element that is liquid at normal temperature. Bromine occurs naturally in the combined state as bromides in seawater, salt lakes, brines, and saline deposits. Commercial recovery has traditionally involved oxidation of bromide using chlorine, including recovery from concentrated sea bitterns. The report discusses the historical development of bromine production, including its use in photographic processes and subsequent industrial applications.
Potassium chloride occurs naturally as sylvite and has diverse applications as a source of potassium salts, fertilizer and plant nutrient, salt substitute, laboratory reagent, food additive, pharmaceutical ingredient, water-correcting agent, drilling-fluid component, and electrolyte material in certain secondary batteries. The report provides detailed information on salt, bromine, and potassium chloride production, purification, processing, safety, quality specifications, plant requirements, suppliers, and project economics.
Cost Estimation
| Particular | Value |
|---|---|
| Plant Capacity | 59 MT/Day |
| Land & Building (1 Acre) | Rs. 3.76 Cr |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 11.70 Cr |
| Working Capital for 2 Months | Rs. 13.23 Cr |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 29.35 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 45% |
| Break Even Point | 42% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- USES & APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
- IT IS USED AS:-
- USE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE IN SLOW-RELEASE TABLES IN HARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS
- USE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE AS INORGANIC NUTRIENT FOR CANDIDA UTILIUS
- PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTICS OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
- GRADES
- B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF SALT
- PRODUCTION OF SALT IN PAST FEW YEARS
- GROWTH OF CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY OF INDIA
- DEMAND, HOWEVER, EXPECTED TO SEE MORE ROBUST GROWTH
- EXPORT OF SALT FROM INDIA
- INDIA'S SALT EXPORT (IN TONES)
- EXPORT OF SALT FROM GUJARAT
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
- PROPERTIES OF SALT
- POTASSIUM IODIDE
- SOURCE AND SAFETY OF BROMINE
- USE OF BROMINE
- SOURCES OF BROMINE
- SAFETY FIRST
- MANUFACTURING BROMINE
- OXIDATION OF BROMIDE IONS TO FORM BROMINE
- BROMINE VAPOUR REMOVAL
- PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN BROMIDE
- OXIDATION OF HYDROGEN BROMIDE TO BROMINE
- HOW A HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL LIKE BROMINE IS HANDLED
- PROPERTIES OF BROMINE
- SALT PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING
- SOLAR EVAPORATION METHOD
- ROCK SALT MINING METHOD
- VACUUM EVAPORATION METHOD
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SALT FROM SEAWATER
- DETAILS OF SALT PURIFICATION PROCESS
- TABLE.1 - CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME IONS FOUND IN SEAWATER
- THE PRODUCTION OF SOLAR SALT
- THE PRODUCTION OF VACUUM SALT
- FURTHER PROCESSING
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR SALT RECOVERY FROM SEA WATER
- BRINE EVAPORATORS AND SALT PRODUCTION
- EVAPORATED SALT PRODUCTION
- CRYSTALLISING EVAPORATORS:-
- VACUUM DRIERS
- 1. DRUM DRIER
- 2. VACUUM ROTARY DRIER
- USES AND APPLICATION OF BROMINE
- SOURCES OF BROMINE
- SOURCES OF BROMINE
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF BROMINE
- MAJOR BROMINE MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES
- INCREASING DEMAND FOR FLAME RETARDANTS
- CHINA TO DOMINATE THE ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET
- MAJOR PLAYERS
- RAW MATERIAL SECTION
- MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHLORINE HANDLING:-
- B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
- SCOPE:-
- REQUIREMENTS:-
- TABLE - 1: REQUIREMENTS FOR BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- PACKING & MARKETING:-
- PACKING:-
- MARKING:-
- SAMPLING:-
- ANALYSIS OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- CALCULATION:
- WHERE,
- DETERMINATION OF BROMINE:-
- THE SOLUTION SHALL BE STANDARDIZED BEFORE USE.
- PROCEDURE:-
- WHERE:
- DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE:-
- PROCEDURE:-
- CALCULATION:-
- WHERE,
- DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER:-
- CALCULATION:-
- WHERE,
- TEST FOR IODINE:-
- ZINC DUST:-
- TEST FOR SULPHATES:-
- PROCEDURE:-
- SAMPLING OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE DRAWN FOR SAMPLING
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BROMINE
- BROMINE GENERATION
- BROMINE SEPARATION
- PURIFICAION AND DRYING
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
- BROMINE RECOVERY PLANT
- BROMINE CAN BE RECOVERED FROM TWO SOURCES
- A) STEAMING OUT PROCESS (HOT PROCESS)
- B) AIR BLOWING PROCESS (COLD PROCESS)
- BROMINE PROCESSES
- PRODUCTION OF BROMINE
- PROCESSING DETAILS OF BROMINE RECOVERY
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
- PROCESS IN DETAILS OF BROMINE PRODUCTION
- THE BROMINE-GENERATING STEP
- EXPLAIN.
- RESIDUAL ORGANIC MATTER FOUND IN DEAD SEA WATER
- SIDE-REACTIONS OCCURRING IN THE REACTION TOWER
- 1. CONDENSATION
- 2. SEPARATION
- 3. PURIFICATION
- MANUFACTURE OF LIQUID BROMINE
- PROCESS
- THE FOUR PRINCIPAL STEPS IN BROMINE PRODUCTION ARE
- STEAMING OUT PROCESS:-
- DOW PROCESS:-
- LIQUID BROMINE FROM SEA WATER
- SAFETY IN BROMINE PLANT
- SAFE HANDLING OF BROMINE LEAKAGE
- SAFE STORAGE OF BROMINE
- SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF BROMINE
- THE BROMINE STORAGE TANK SIGN IS AS FOLLOWS:
- PRODUCTION PROCESS OF BROMINE FROM BRINE
- BROMINE-GENERATING STEP
- BROMINE SEPARATION STEPS
- 1. CONDENSATION
- 2. SEPARATION
- 3. PURIFICATION AND DRYING
- EXTRACTION OF BROMINE FROM SEA WATER
- OXIDATION OF BROMIDE IONS TO BROMINE
- OXIDATION OF BROMIDE TO BROMINE
- REMOVAL OF BROMINE VAPOUR
- PRODUCTION OF BROMINE TO HYDROBROMIC ACID
- OXIDATION OF HYDROBROMIC ACID TO BROMINE
- DETAILS OF EXTRACTION BROMINE FROM SEA WATER
- FROM SEA WATER
- RAW MATERIAL
- BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR MANUFACTURING PROCESS
- REACTION
- PROCESS DIVIDES IN THREE STEPS
- AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS & THEIR CONTROL
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE FROM SEA WATER OR BRINE
- RAW MATERIALS:
- 1. SYLVINITE (OR) BRINE
- 1. CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS:
- 2. FLOTATION PROCESS:
- BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MGCL2 RECOVERY PROCESS.
- BRINE CONCENTRATOR
- ADDRESSES OF RAW MATERIALS SUPPLIERS
- ADDRESSES OF PLANT & MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
- SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
- SUPPLIERS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
- SUPPLIERS OF CONDENSER
- SUPPLIERS OF DISTILLATION COLUMN
- SUPPLIERS OF STORAGE VESSEL (STORAGE TANKS)
- SUPPLIERS OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPLIERS OF D.G. SETS
- SUPPLIERS OF BOILERS
- SUPPLIERS OF EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)
- SUPPLIERS OF INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
- GOVT. LICENSE DETAILS FOR LIQUID BROMINE PLANT
Appendix
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
The principal sources are seawater, lake water, brines, salt deposits, and concentrated sea bitterns. Salt is commonly recovered through evaporation or mining-based methods, while bromine occurs in the combined state as bromide and can be recovered from seawater, brines, salt lakes, and saline deposits. Concentrated bitterns remaining after salt crystallization can provide a bromine-rich feedstock for recovery processes.
Potassium chloride is used in fertilizers, pharmaceutical preparations, food applications, laboratory reagents, salt substitutes, and industrial processes. The report also identifies its use as a plant nutrient, water-correcting agent, drilling-fluid component, and material used in certain secondary battery electrolytes. Its suitability for a particular application depends on the required grade, purity, formulation, and applicable quality specifications.
Bromine is generally recovered by oxidizing bromide ions to elemental bromine and then separating and purifying the bromine. The report discusses processes involving chlorine oxidation followed by bromine vapour removal, condensation, separation, purification, and drying. It also describes steaming-out and air-blowing approaches for bromine recovery, with the appropriate process selected according to feed composition, operating requirements, equipment design, and plant conditions.
The principal salt production methods covered in the report are solar evaporation, rock salt mining, and vacuum evaporation. Solar evaporation concentrates saline water using solar heat, while rock salt can be obtained through mining or solution-mining techniques. Vacuum evaporation uses controlled evaporation and crystallization to produce salt under industrial conditions. Further processing can include purification, drying, crystallization, and other treatments depending on the desired product grade.
Safe handling, storage, transportation, leak control, containment, and appropriate process equipment are essential in a bromine plant. Bromine is a hazardous, corrosive, volatile chemical, so plant design requires suitable materials of construction, controlled process conditions, effective ventilation and emission control, leak detection and emergency response arrangements. The report specifically addresses bromine leakage, storage, transportation, plant safety, and handling practices as important elements of industrial bromine production.
The report identifies several types of process and utility equipment relevant to these industries, including brine evaporators, crystallising evaporators, vacuum driers, drum driers, vacuum rotary driers, heat exchangers, condensers, distillation columns, storage vessels, boilers, D.G. sets, laboratory equipment, instrumentation and process-control equipment, and effluent treatment plants. The exact equipment configuration depends on the selected process, feedstock, product specifications, capacity, and plant design.
The report covers product applications and properties, grades and specifications, market information, raw materials, manufacturing processes, process flow diagrams, bromine recovery, salt processing, potassium chloride production, safety, pollution control, plant and machinery suppliers, raw material suppliers, and government licensing details. It also includes project economics covering plant economics, fixed capital, working capital, production cost, turnover, break-even point, financing resources, depreciation, profit analysis, and projected balance sheets.
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