Industry Overview
Tissue culture is the cultivation of plant cells, tissues, or organs on specially formulated nutrient media under controlled conditions. With appropriate conditions, an entire plant can be regenerated from a single cell. Plant tissue culture has been practiced for more than 30 years and is regarded as an important technology for developing countries because it enables the production of disease-free, high-quality planting material and the rapid multiplication of uniform plants.
Micropropagation, a form of tissue culture, increases the availability of planting material for distribution and large-scale cultivation. Thousands of copies of a plant can be produced within a relatively short period. Micropropagated plants can establish more quickly, grow more vigorously and taller, have shorter and more uniform production cycles, and provide higher yields than conventional propagules.
The technique requires a sterile workplace, nursery, greenhouse, and trained manpower. However, tissue culture can be labor intensive, time consuming, and costly. Plants important to developing countries that have been produced through tissue culture include oil palm, plantain, pine, banana, date, eggplant, jojoba, pineapple, rubber tree, cassava, yam, sweet potato, and tomato. The application is also widely used as a biotechnology technique in Africa.
Cost Estimation
| Plant Capacity | 8333 Nos/Day |
|---|---|
| Land & Building (8000 sq.mt.) | Rs. 6.42 Cr |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 1.59 Cr |
| Working Capital for 3 Months | Rs.73.68 Lac |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 9.02 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 18% |
| Break Even Point | 66% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF TISSUE CULTURE
- SEED CULTURE
- EMBRYO CULTURE
- CALLUS CULTURE
- CALLUS
- ORGAN CULTURE
- PLASMA CLOT METHOD
- RAFT METHOD
- AGAR GEL METHOD
- GRID METHOD
- PROTOPLAST CULTURE
- PROTOPLAST
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF TISSUE CULTURE
- METHOD OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
- INITIATION PHASE (STAGE 1)
- MULTIPLICATION PHASE (STAGE 2)
- ROOT FORMATION (STAGE 3)
- PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
- THE PROCESS OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
- TECHNIQUE FOR PLANT IN VITRO CULTURE
- MICROPROPAGATION
- SOMATIC CELL GENETICS
- TRANSGENIC PLANTS
- STEPS IN TISSUE CULTURE
- INITIATION PHASE
- MULTIPLICATION PHASE
- ROOT FORMATION
- SHOOT FORMATION
- ACCLIMATIZATION
- GENERAL PROCEDURE OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
- PREPARATION OF EXPLANT
- SURFACE STERILIZATION OF EXPLANT
- SEEDS
- FRUITS
- LEAVES
- PRODUCTION OF CALLUS FROM EXPLANTS
- PROLIFERATION OF CALLUS
- SUB CULTURING OF CALLUS
- SUSPENSION CULTURE
- DETAILS OF STOCK SOLUTION
- SOLUTION PREPARATION
- PREPARATION OF THE MURASHIGE & SK000 BASAL MEDIUM (MS)
- PREPARATION OF STOCK SOLUTIONS
- STOCK A: SALTS
- STOCK B: MGSO4
- STOCK C:
- STOCK D: VITAMINS
- MS BASAL SOLUTION*
- PREPARATION OF SOLUTION VGA
- PREPARATION OF VITAMIN SOLUTION
- PREPARATION OF HORMONE STOCK SOLUTION
- GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA3)
- NAPHTHALENEACETIC ACID (NAA)
- BENZYLAMINOPURINE (BAP]
- INDOLEACETIC ACID (IAA)
- KINETIN (KIN)
- 2, 4-D DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID
- PREPARATION OF ANTIBIOTICS
- SODIUM CEFOTAXIME (CLAFORAN)
- PREPARATION OF CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
- PREPARATION OF AN ACARICIDE SOLUTION
- PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS FOR PH ADJUSTMENT
- SOLUTION TO BRING UP THE PH POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE.
- (KOH) I N
- USES
- DETAILS OF TISSUE CULTURE LABORATORY
- MICROPROPAGATION UNIT
- BASIC PROCESSES
- BASIC ORGANIZATION
- WASHING AND MEDIA PREPARATION AREA
- CULTURE AREA
- PRODUCTION PROCESS
- IN VITRO CULTURE ESTABLISHMENT STAGE
- PRODUCTION STAGE
- ASEPTIC CONDITIONS IN THE LABORATORY
- ASEPSIS IN THE FACILITIES
- ASEPSIS IN THE WASHING AND MEDIA PREPARATION ROOM
- ASEPSIS IN THE TRANSFERENCE ROOM
- ASEPSIS IN THE CULTURE ROOM
- PREBASIC SEED PRODUCTION PLAN
- TISSUE CULTURE OF BANANA
- COLLECTION OF SUCKERS
- DISINFECTION OF PROPAGULE
- INOCULATION
- MAINTENANCE OF SHOOT CULTURES
- PROLIFERATION OF SHOOTS (SUBCULTURE)
- ROOTING
- PREPARING TISSUE-CULTURED BANANA PLANTLETS FOR FIELD PLANTING
- GREEN HOUSE TECHNOLOGY
- TYPES OF GREEN HOUSES
- GREENHOUSE AREA
- LOCATING A GREENHOUSE ESTABLISHMENT
- TOPOGRAPHY
- DRAINAGE
- WATER SUPPLY
- SOLAR RADIANT ENERGY
- AIR POLLUTION
- SPACE FOR EXPANSION
- SOIL SUPPLY
- OPERATING COSTS
- MEDIA CONSTITUENTS FOR GREEN HOUSE
- PLANT MICRO-PROPAGATION
- INORGANIC NUTRIENTS
- ORGANIC NUTRIENTS
- NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES
- CARBON SOURCE
- GROWTH HORMONES
- AUXINS
- CYTOKININS
- GIBBERELLINS
- AGAR
- PH
- INORGANIC SALTS
- AMINO ACIDS AND AMIDES
- WATER
- DESIGNS AND CLASSIFICATION OF GREENHOUSE
- CLASSIFICATION OF GREENHOUSE BASED ON SUITABILITY AND COST.
- A) LOW COST OR LOW-TECH GREENHOUSE
- B) MEDIUM-TECH GREENHOUSE
- C) HI-TECH GREENHOUSE
- OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS
- CLASSIFICATION AS PER TYPE OF STRUCTURE
- CLASSIFICATION AS PER GLAZING
- CLASSIFICATION BASED ON NUMBER OF SPANS
- CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
- POLY HOUSE
- A) NATURALLY VENTILATED POLYHOUSE
- B) ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLLED POLYHOUSE
- SHADE HOUSE
- ORIENTATION OF GREENHOUSE/POLYHOUSE
- DESIGN
- A) DEAD LOAD
- B) LIVE LOAD
- C) WIND LOAD
- D) SNOW LOAD
- ORIENTATION
- WIND EFFECTS
- SIZE OF THE GREENHOUSE
- SPACING BETWEEN GREENHOUSES
- HEIGHT OF GREENHOUSE
- STRUCTURAL DESIGN
- DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE
- CLADDING MATERIAL
- COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF COVERING MATERIALS.
- PLANT GROWING STRUCTURES / CONTAINERS IN GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION.
- ADVANTAGES OF CONTAINERS IN GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION
- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PLANT GROWING CONTAINERS.
- TABLES
- TABLE - 1
- TABLE - 2
- TABLE - 3
- WASHING-UP FACILITIES AND PREPARATION OF DISTILLED WATER
- PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA FOR GREENHOUSE PLANT MICRO-PROPAGATION
- INCUBATION OF CULTURES
- STERILIZATION OF MATERIAL
- BASIC MINERAL NUTRIENTS
- SOLID MEDIA
- STATIONARY LIQUID MEDIA
- AGITATED LIQUID MEDIA
- CONTINUOUS IMMERSION
- PERIODIC IMMERSION
- MEDIA PREPARATION AND FUMIGATION METHOD FOR GREEN HOUSE PRODUCTION
- MEDIA PREPARATION FOR GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION
- GRAVEL CULTURE
- DESIRABLE NUTRIENT LEVEL IN GREENHOUSE GROWTH MEDIA
- MEDIA INGREDIENTS AND MIX
- PASTEURIZATION OF GREENHOUSE PLANT GROWING MEDIA
- FUNGICIDES AND THEIR EFFECT ON A FEW FUNGI
- TEMPERATURE NECESSARY TO KILL SOIL PESTS
- FUMIGATION IN GREENHOUSE
- REQUIREMENTS FOR GREEN HOUSE PLANT
- MICRO-PROPAGATION
- MEDIA ROOM
- CULTURE VESSELS
- CULTURE ROOM
- GLASSWARE AND PLASTICWARE WASHING.
- STERILIZATION
- (I) MEDIUM
- (II) GLASSWARE, PLASTIC AND INSTRUMENTS.
- (III) PLANT MATERIAL
- (IV) TRANSFER AREA
- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING GREENHOUSE CULTIVATION.
- NATURAL VENTILATION
- UNCONVENTIONAL METHOD OF HEATING AND COOLING
- HEATING OF GREENHOUSE
- HEATING SYSTEMS
- BOILER
- UNIT HEATERS
- INFRA-RED HEATERS
- SOLAR HEATING
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
- TEMPERATURE CONTROL
- RELATIVE HUMIDITY CONTROL
- LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL
- QUALITY OF LIGHT
- FAN AND PAD
- SELECTION OF FAN
- DESIGN
- MAINTENANCE OF PAD
- MAINTENANCE OF FAN
- CONSULTANTS FOR GREEN HOUSE
- SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERIES
- BOILERS
- LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
- SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
- SEEDS
- LABORATORY CHEMICALS
- SULPHURIC ACID
Appendix
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
Plant tissue culture is a technique for cultivating plant cells, tissues, or organs on specially formulated nutrient media under controlled conditions. It can allow a complete plant to be regenerated from a small starting tissue or even a single cell under suitable conditions. The technique is used for rapid multiplication of plants, production of uniform planting material, and propagation of selected plant varieties. It requires controlled environmental conditions, sterile handling, suitable culture media, and trained personnel.
Micropropagation is a form of plant tissue culture used to rapidly multiply plants under controlled in vitro conditions. It is important because large numbers of genetically similar planting materials can be produced within a relatively short period. The method can support the distribution and large-scale planting of selected plants and may provide advantages such as rapid establishment, vigorous growth, and more uniform production cycles compared with conventional propagules.
The main stages of plant tissue culture include initiation, multiplication, root formation, shoot formation, and acclimatization. The initiation stage establishes the plant material under in vitro conditions, while multiplication increases the number of shoots or propagules. Root formation develops a functional root system, followed by preparation of plantlets for transfer. Acclimatization gradually adapts the tissue-cultured plants to external environmental conditions before field planting or further nursery production.
A plant tissue culture facility generally requires dedicated areas for washing, media preparation, culture operations, and aseptic transfer, along with suitable culture rooms and supporting laboratory equipment. Sterile working conditions are essential because microbial contamination can adversely affect cultures. Depending on the production system, the facility may also require nursery and greenhouse infrastructure for acclimatization and subsequent plant growth. Appropriate equipment, environmental controls, sanitation procedures, and trained manpower are important for reliable production.
Aseptic conditions are essential because plant tissue cultures are highly susceptible to contamination by microorganisms. Bacteria, fungi, and other contaminants can compete with the plant material for nutrients or damage cultures, reducing successful multiplication. Asepsis therefore covers laboratory facilities, washing and media preparation areas, transfer operations, culture rooms, plant material, instruments, glassware, and culture media. Proper sterilization, clean handling practices, and controlled working procedures help maintain the integrity of cultures.
A greenhouse provides a controlled or partially controlled environment for growing and acclimatizing plantlets produced through tissue culture. It can help manage factors such as temperature, humidity, ventilation, light, and water while plants adapt from in vitro conditions to external growing conditions. Greenhouse design may range from low-cost structures to medium-tech and hi-tech systems, depending on production requirements. Proper site selection, drainage, water supply, structural design, and environmental control are important considerations.
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