Industry Overview
Flat glass is available in a wide range of specialized forms designed to meet the requirements of construction, automotive, solar-energy and other industries. Float glass can be further processed to obtain specific functional and safety characteristics, resulting in products such as annealed, toughened, laminated, coated, mirrored, patterned and extra-clear glass.
Toughened or tempered glass is a safety glass manufactured through controlled thermal or chemical treatment to improve its strength compared with ordinary annealed glass. In the thermal process, glass is heated and rapidly cooled to create compressive stresses at the surface and tensile stresses within the core. This treatment improves resistance to mechanical loading and thermal shock and causes fractured glass to disintegrate into relatively small granular pieces rather than sharp, jagged shards.
Toughened glass is widely used in doors, windows, glazing, tables, shelves, countertops, vehicle windows, shower enclosures, refrigerator trays and other applications where enhanced strength and safety are required. Chemical toughening can also be used, particularly for complex-shaped glass objects, by exchanging sodium ions at the glass surface with larger potassium ions. Toughened glass generally cannot be cut, drilled or otherwise altered after heat treatment, so fabrication operations must normally be completed beforehand. Heat soak testing is recommended for certain overhead and horizontal applications to help address the risk of spontaneous breakage associated with nickel sulphide inclusions.
Cost Estimation
| Particulars | Cost / Value |
|---|---|
| Plant Capacity | 636.36 sq.mt./Day |
| Land & Building (6000 sq.mt.) | Rs. 3.53 Cr |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 4.83 Cr |
| Working Capital for 2 Months | Rs. 2.77 Cr |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 12.15 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 54% |
| Break Even Point | 41% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- MAIN TYPES OF GLASS
- TOUGHENED GLASS
- CHARACTERISTICS OF TOUGHENED GLASS
- PROPERTIES OF TOUGHENED GLASS
- ADVANTAGES:
- BENEFITS:
- STRENGTH & SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
- TYPICAL BREAKAGE PATTERN
- RESISTANCE TO THERMAL BREAKAGE
- THERMAL BREAKAGE PATTERN
- TYPICAL BREAKAGE PATTERN
- PROPERTIES
- MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TOUGHENED GLASS
- USES AND APPLICATION
- APPLICATIONS OF TOUGHENED GLASS
- LAMINATED GLASS
- USES AND APPLICATIONS OF LAMINATED GLASS
- APPLICATION OF LAMINATED GLASS
- B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF TOUGHENED GLASS
- GLASS CUTTING
- GLASS POLISHING:
- DRILLING & MILLING
- GLASS WASHING
- TOUGHENING
- PROCESS OF TOUGHENED GLASS IN DETAILS
- GLASS CUTTING
- GLASS POLISHING
- DRILLING AND MILLING
- GLASS WASHING
- TOUGHENING OR TEMPERING
- TOUGHENING PROCESS
- WASHING AND DRYING
- TESTING
- FLOW SHEET
- PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE FOR LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS
- SAFETY LAMINATION:-
- FORMULATION
- MARKET POTENTIAL
- UK TEMPERED GLASS MARKET DEMAND, BY APPLICATION, 2012-2022 (MILLION SQUARE METERS)
- OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL GLASS MARKET
- PLANT LAYOUT
- PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
- MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE SERVICE ARE:
- PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
- 1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
- 2. MARKETS:
- 3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
- 4. WATER SUPPLY:
- 5. CLIMATE:
- 6. TRANSPORTATION:
- 7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
- 8. LABOR:
- 9. REGULATORY LAWS:
- 10. TAXES:
- 11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
- 12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
- 13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
- 14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
- EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
- 1. DEPRECIATION:
- 2. FIXED ASSETS:
- 3. WORKING CAPITAL:
- 4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
- 5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
- 6. MARGIN MONEY:
- 7. TOTAL LOAD:
- 8. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
- PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
- INTRODUCTION
- PROJECT HANDLING
- PROJECT SCHEDULING
- PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
- TIME SCHEDULE
- SUPPLIERS OF TOUGHENED GLASS
- SUPPLIERS OF LAMINATED GLASS
- SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
- SUPPLIERS OF GLASS SHEET
- SUPPLIERS OF PVB SHEET
- SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY (IMPORTED)
- SUPPLIERS OF SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE
- SUPPLIERS OF GLASS POLISHING MACHINE
- SUPPLIERS OF GLASS DRILLING MACHINE
- SUPPLIERS OF GLASS CUTTING MACHINES
- SUPPLIERS OF LATHE MACHINE
- SUPPLIERS OF DG SETS
- SUPPLIERS OF EOT CRANE
- SUPPLIERS OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
- SUPPLIERS OF ELECTRICAL PANEL
- SUPPLIERS OF ELECTRIC MOTOR
- SUPPLIERS OF COOLING TOWER
- SUPPLIERS OF EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)
- SUPPLIERS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPLIERS OF AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPLIERS OF AIR COMPRESSORS
- SUPPLIERS OF PLATFORM WEIGHING MACHINE
- SUPPLIERS OF MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPLIERS OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPLIERS OF SHOT BLASTING MACHINE
- SUPPLIERS OF JIGS AND FIXTURE
- SUPPLIERS OF SUBMERSIBLE WATER PUMP
Appendix
- APPENDIX – A:
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
Toughened glass is safety glass strengthened through controlled thermal or chemical treatment. In thermal toughening, the glass is heated and rapidly cooled to create compressive stresses at its surfaces and tensile stresses in its central region. This significantly improves resistance to mechanical loading and thermal shock compared with ordinary annealed glass. When fractured, properly toughened glass generally breaks into small granular fragments rather than large sharp shards, reducing the likelihood of severe cutting injuries.
Toughened glass is commonly manufactured by cutting, edge processing, washing, heating and rapid cooling the glass. The project report describes operations including glass cutting, polishing, drilling and milling, washing, drying and toughening or tempering. Fabrication operations that require cutting or drilling are completed before the final heat-treatment stage because toughened glass generally cannot be cut, drilled or altered afterward. Chemical toughening is an alternative for certain applications, including complex-shaped glass objects.
Toughened glass is used wherever improved strength, thermal resistance and safety are required. Common applications described in the report include passenger vehicle windows, shower doors, architectural doors, tables, countertops, shelves, window panels, glazing and refrigerator trays. It is also used in products such as mobile screen protectors and as a component in certain specialized safety-glass applications. Its suitability for residential and commercial construction makes it useful for both functional and architectural purposes.
Toughened glass normally disintegrates into relatively small granular fragments when fractured. The controlled stress pattern created during tempering causes the glass to break differently from ordinary annealed glass, which can form long, sharp and potentially hazardous shards. This breakage characteristic is one of the main reasons toughened glass is classified as safety glass. However, toughened glass is not unbreakable, and damage such as scratches, edge defects or impact can compromise the glass and contribute to failure.
Toughened glass generally cannot be cut, drilled or otherwise altered after heat treatment. Cutting, drilling, milling, polishing and other required fabrication operations should therefore normally be completed before the glass enters the toughening stage. Attempting to alter fully tempered glass can disturb its internal stress balance and cause the entire piece to fracture. This manufacturing sequence makes accurate sizing, hole positioning and edge finishing important parts of the production process.
Heat soak testing is recommended for certain toughened-glass applications to help identify glass susceptible to spontaneous breakage associated with nickel sulphide inclusions. Such inclusions can occur within glass and may cause delayed failure under suitable conditions. The report specifically recommends heat soak testing for toughened glass used in overhead and horizontal applications. Testing forms an important quality-control consideration where unexpected breakage could create elevated safety or operational risks.
Toughened glass gains strength through controlled treatment, while laminated glass combines glass layers with an interlayer. Toughened glass is designed to provide increased mechanical and thermal resistance and to fracture into smaller fragments. Laminated safety glass uses an interlayer, such as PVB, to hold glass fragments together after breakage and can provide additional safety and retention characteristics. The project report covers both toughened and laminated glass, including their manufacturing processes, applications, formulation considerations and relevant specifications.
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